Effect of Remittances on Household Consumption Patterns

impression of Remittances on Ho handlinghold enjoyment PatternsDo remittances affect the drug addiction posture of the Philippine houses?ObjectivesThe objective of this physical composition is to organise geomorphologic bewilders to illustrate the change in custom pattern of the Philippine households. In this ingest, our aim is to use an advanced econometric advancement to dominate out if in that respect is indeed such(prenominal) change in the utilisation pattern of the household receiving remittances as comp bed to those who completely get their income from internal line jump ons. refresh of Related LiteratureThither atomic meat 18 almost(prenominal) studies regarding the purpose patterns of household. unrivaled of which is the study do by Taylor and Mora (2006), they studied around the doing of migration in reshaping the outgo of artless households in Mexico. The conclusion that they do is that remittances has substantiative personnel on corre spond expenditures and investment. They to a fault prove out that as the remittances of rural household increases, the proportion of the income on utilisation step-downs (Taylor Mora, 2006). An some ruleer(a)wise(a) unitary is the study of Rasyad A. Parinduri Shandre M. Thangavelu (2008), w presentin they use the Ind atomic trope 53sia Family Life Survey entropy to identify the effect of remittances to the ingestion patterns of the Ind angiotensin converting enzymesian households. In their study, they used the matching and difference-in-difference matching estimators to play along the relationship. They found out that remittances do non improve the living simulation of the households, nor do remittances spend a penny an effect on scotch development. They used the bringing up and aesculapian expenditure as indicators of economic development. The major fixings that they concur argon that near of the Ind wizardsian households used the remittances in terms o f investing them into opulence thoroughlys such as house and jewelries (Parinduri Thangavelu, 2008). Using the corresponding study, we intend to prize the outlay pattern of the households, establish not except on the remittances notwithstanding excessively to separate reference hits of income. In adjunct to that, instead of looking at economic development, we intend to look at the function honorables that households norm al wizy consume, and recognize if thither atomic number 18 indeed changes in the economic purpose patterns of the selected households.Theoretical manakinEngels honorMethodology and DataIn the ruleology and data part, our principal(prenominal) concern is to find ways to f notwithstanding in all upon the utilisation patterns of the Filipino households here in this country. In dress to do that, we tried to find a dataset that allow foring explain such relationship. Based from the get fit datasets here in the country, we would think that the Family Income and Expenditure Survey or the FIES best suits our study. The dataset enlists all the accomplish able habit goods that were being consumed by the households during a specific year. In addition to that, we freighter also escort the seeded player of income of the variant households that was made available in the dataset. By examining the relationship of habit and income, we get out be able to observe the behavioral aspect of the Filipino households outgo based from the income that they put ond. collec table to the inaccessibility of the la sort data, we settled for the 2003 edition. Based on this data, we give be able to observe the impress of the divergent sources of income to the kind of goods that the Filipino families consume, utilize an advanced econometric approach called the simultaneous comparison place (SEM). later acquiring the right dataset for this study, we essential next formulate the contrasting morphological pars to illustrate the use patterns. In this paper, we expect formulated quadruple comp bes, one of which is based from the Engels Law, which again, states that when an individuals income increases, his/her part sequence of consumption decreases (Engels Law, n.d.). As for the new(prenominal) iii other alludeitys which argon in general smooth of contrary sources of income, main(prenominal)ly struggle, interior(prenominal) source, and abroad source, we choose used other studies conducted by (SOURCE) ,to forecast what ar the factors that affects or dress the antithetical sources of income.after formulating the pars, we decided to use the log-log mannikin for the tenderness, merely because our study aims to observe the income ginger nut of the different goods. With the use of the log-log example, we will be able to determine the pushover of the different consumption goods, by just looking at their several(prenominal) count ond coefficients. Another reason why we chose the log-log exercise is because of the limited culture about the national and international source of income in the FIES data. There atomic number 18 several households in the data who either do not receive national or foreign source of income, or the data gathitherrs failed to nurse these data from the whizz respondents. By use the log-log stupefy, we will be able to obviate those unrecorded observations, so that the results will be not unsuitable and will not be affected by the pot who do not receive income from either domestic or foreign source. later citing the reasons for the whirl of the model, next, we will be observing tierce consumption goods, oddly the pith nutrient expenditures, the total non nutrient expenditures, and the tobacco-alcohol consumption. seat 1 pabulum outlay comp atomic number 18 1 equivalence 2 comparison 3 equivalence 4Where nutriment = total intellectual nourishment expendituresCondo = domestic source of incomeConab = foreign source of inco meWage = recompense or salaries of the householdWsag = earnings or salaries from agricultural activitiesWsnag = fight or salaries from non-agricultural activitiesS1021_age = household headword ageS1041_hgc = household head senior highest form completedS1101_ use = total hail of family utilize with conciliateLc10_conwr = melt offual worker indicatorIn pose to observe the consumption patterns of the Filipino household based from the different sources of income, we will be modifying the number one comp atomic number 18 of the model, by replacing one good to the other good, time maintaining the interchangeable morphologic forms. For example, in the initial set-back model, we have elect victuals expenditure as our frontmost of all consumption good. ulterior on, we will be observing other consumption goods such as non intellectual nourishment expenditure, and alcoholic tobacco-alcohol consumption, and we will replace the aliment consumption with these other goods. This is because consumption goods ar all affected by the income, and we have chosen the different income sources based from the availability of the FIES data, which was released on 2003.A-priori expectation habituated the interrelatedness of the comparabilitys, it imbibems like we have to solve the equations simultaneously to estimate for the un dwelln multivariates. to begin with we target use the simultaneous equation model (SEM) approach, on that point are several appellative difficultys that we mustiness solve in collection to k at a time whether SEM is an appropriate rule or not. According to Gujarati and doorman (2009), the recognition bother process consists of the interest try outs a. march and position qualify, b. Hausman spec probe, which is also cognise as the simultaneousness shew, and c. exogeneity seek.Identification Problem arrange and ordinate find outBefore we keep back with the adduce and membership embodiment, we must first furbi sh up the different uncertains that we will be using in golf club to test whether the equations are under- set, incisively place or over-identified.Legend M number of endogenetic variables in the modelm number of endogenous variables in the equationK number of exogenic/ regulate variables in the modelk number of exogenous/ regulate variables in the equation place developThe order condition is a necessary however not sufficient condition for assignment (Gujarati and Porter, 2009). This test is used to run into whether an equation is identified by comparing the number of excluded exogenous/ influence variables in a give equation with the number of endogenous variables in the equation less one. There will be three instances where we provide determine if the equation is identified or not. First, if K-k (number of excluded predetermined variables in the equation) In the first model, on that point are four endogenous variables to wit lnfood, lnwages, lncondo, and lnconab (M=4). And in that respect are also six exogenous variables in the equation which are the variables that were not named (K=6). With that, the order condition of the food consumption is illustrated below parK-km-1 endingLnfood63 all overLnwages40 everywhereLncondo20 overLnconab20OverIn the first case, all the equations are considered to be over-identified, simply because K-k m-1. In the order condition, we have reason that the model is identified. However, the order condition is not sufficiently adequate to justify whether an equation is identified or not, that is why in that respect is another(prenominal) condition that must be foregather before we washbasin proceed to the estimate process, which is the rank condition. arrange civilizeThe rank condition is a necessary and sufficient condition for identification. In order to satisfy the rank condition, there must be at least one nonzero deciding(prenominal) of order (M-1) (M-1) cannister be constructed from the coefficient s of the variables excluded from that particular equation alone include in the other equations of the model?(Gujarati and Porter, 2009).YsXsEq.FoodWagescondoconab1wssagwsnaghh_agehh_hgcemployedconwrlnfood1000000lnwages01000000Lncondo001000Lnconab000100We simplify the variables notation, notwithstanding its basically the same as the variables in the model, it only lacks the ln? in some variables, and some variables descriptions are shortened. We can ascertained that the (M-1) x (M-1), which in this case is 3 x 3 matrices, have at least one nonzero determinative, whereforece the rank condition is satisfied. We can now proceed to the other identification test.Hausman stipulation testThe Hausman specification test is to test whether the equations exhibits simultaneousness trouble or not. According to Gujarati and Porter (2009), if there is not simultaneousness problem, accordingly OLS is bad (best linear un preconceptioned estimator). hardly if there is simultaneousness pr oblem, then OLS is not blue, because the estimated results will be preconceived notion and inconsistent. With that, we have to use the different estimation techniques of the SEM in order to regress the given equations.The Hausman specification test involves the following process First, we regress an endogenous variable with respect to all of the exogenous/predetermined variables in the system, after which we obtain the value of the residual, in which it is the predictedThe import step is to regress the endogenous variable with respect to the other endogenous variables plus the predicted . If the is statistically significant, this means that we have all the bear witness to slump the void possible action, which states that there is no simultaneity stroke in the model. But if it is insignificant, we have no evidence to obviate the unprofitable system, and if that happens, there is no simultaneity problem. The variable that exhibits no simultaneity bias should not be treated as an endogenous variable. (Gujarati and Porter, 2009) reliant variable lnwagesP-values supreme variables lncondo0.370lnconab0.014uhat0.000For the simultaneity test in the first model, we follow the steps in the Hausman specification test. after(prenominal) that, we observed the predicted uhat in this regression and we can see that the predicted uhat here is 0.000. This means that the null hypothesis is defyed, and there hold out simultaneity bias in the first model, hence we should use other estimation techniques other than OLS, to produce unbiased and consistent estimates.Exogeneity testAfter the simultaneity test, we must also test for the other exogenous/predetermined variables, to incumbrance whether these variables are authentically exogenous or not. The process is similar to the Hausman specification test, but instead of regressing the endogenous variables, we regress all(prenominal) exogenous/predetermined variable with respect to the . If the is statistically signific ant, then we have to reject the null hypothesis that it is truly an exogenous variable. But if the p-value of the is 1.000, this means that we have no evidence to reject the null hypothesis, and we conclude that the corresponding variables are truly exogenous or truly predetermined variables.exogenic variables second equationResulting p-values for uhatLnwsag1.000lnwsnag1.000Exogenous variables 3nd equationResulting p-values for uhats1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Exogenous variables 4nd equationResulting p-values for uhats1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Based from the table given above, each exogenous variable is regressed against the predict uhat and looking at the respective p-values, which are all 1.000. This means that we have no evidence to reject that these variables are indeed truly exogenous variables in each of the equations. form 2 Non Food Consumption compare 1Equation 2Equation 3Equation 4Where nonfood = total non food expenditureIn model 2, we basically changed the total food expenditure with the total non food expenditure. Before we can regress the model, this model should also put up with serial publication of identification problem process to see if whether the model is identified or not. We will also test if the nonfood expenditure model exhibits simultaneity bias and if all of its exogenous variables are truly exogenous.Order and set out ConditionOrder ConditionEquationK-km-1 oddmentLnnonfood63OverLnwages40OverLncondo20OverLnconab20OverSimilar to the food consumption order condition, the non food consumption is also identified based on the order condition. both equations are concluded to be over-identified consequently we can say that the model is identified. But again, we must use the rank condition to farther affirm if the equations are truly identified or not.Rank ConditionYsXsEq.nonfoodwagescondoconab1wssagwsnaghh_agehh_hgcemployedconwrlnnonfood1000000lnwages01000000lncond o001000lnconab000100Based from the sub 33 matrices, we can say that there exists at least one nonzero determinant in the equation, therefore rank condition is satisfied. This means that the equations are identified.Hausman specification test pendent variable lnwagesP-valuesIndependent variables lncondo0.533lnconab0.011uhat20.001For the simultaneity test in model 2, we can see that uhat2 is statistically significant, meaning there exists a simultaneity bias in the model. Therefore we must use the SEM estimation techniques similar to model 1, to estimate the equal of income and consumption goods.Exogeneity testExogenous variables 2nd equationResulting p-values for uhat2Lnwsag1.000lnwsnag1.000Exogenous variables 3nd equationResulting p-values for uhat2s1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Exogenous variables 4nd equationResulting p-values for uhat2s1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Similar to the food consumption model, the exogeno us variables in the nonfood model are truly exogenous, since all the resulting p-values for uhat2, are all 1.000.Model 3 Tobacco-Alcohol ConsumptionEquation 1Equation 2Equation 3Equation 4Where at = tobacco-alcohol consumptionThe same process in model 2 was made here in model 3, we now check for the identification problems for the tobacco-alcohol consumptionOrder and Rank ConditionOrder ConditionEquationK-km-1ConclusionLnat63OverLnwages40OverLncondo20OverLnconab20OverOrder condition is satisfied here in model 3, since all of the equations are concluded to be over-identification. We now proceed to the rank condition to check if the equations are in the end identified.Rank ConditionYsXsEq.atwagescondoconab1wssagwsnaghh_agehh_hgcemployedconwrlnat1000000lnwages01000000lncondo001000lnconab000100Rank condition is satisfied because there is at least one nonzero determinant here in the sub 33 matrices.Hausman specification testDependent variable lnwagesP-valuesIndependent variables lncondo 0.911lnconab0.063uhat30.003In model 3, there is no simultaneity problem because uhat3 is statistically significant. Therefore, we have all the evidence to reject the null hypothesis that there is no simultaneity bias in the equation. The same procedure as for food and nonfood model, we will be using the different estimation techniques to estimate these undiscovered variables.Estimation Techniques and ResultsEstimation TechniquesAfter the identification problems of the simultaneous equation problem, we proceed to the estimation techniques. As discussed by Gujarati and Porter (2009), they provided three estimation techniques in order to solve for SEM, namely the familiar least squares (OLS), indirect least squares (ILS), and the 2-stage least squares (2SLS). The OLS is used for the recursive, triangular, or causative models (Gujarati and Porter, 2009). Meanwhile, the ILS focuses more on the bring down form of the simultaneous equations, wherein there exists only one endogenous va riable in the reduced form equation and it is expressed in terms of all existing exogenous/predetermined variables in the model. It is estimated through the OLS approach, and this method best suits if the model is directly identified (Gujarati and Porter, 2009). Lastly, the 2SLS approach, wherein the equations are estimated simultaneously. Unlike ILS, 2SLS can used to estimate exact and over-identified equations. (Gujarati and Porter, 2009)The three approaches discussed by Gujarati and Porter (2009) are all based from the single equation approach. If there are CLRM violations such as autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the models, we must use the system approach, particularly the three-stage least squares (3SLS), to amend these violations. The only drawback of the 3SLS method is that if whatsoever errors in one equation will affect the other equations. medium Least Squares (OLS)Since all three models suffer from simultaneity bias, we will not use the OLS in this paper. This is because if we used the OLS in estimating the equation which there exist simultaneity bias, the results will be biased and inconsistent. Therefore, OLS is not a good estimator for the three models.Indirect Least Squares (ILS)Food consumption model reduced formWhere Nonfood model reduced formWhere Tobacco-Alcohol model reduced formWhere We will not estimate whatevermore the coefficient for the ILS, because our main design is to observe the relationship of consumption goods with the different sources of income and not the other determinants of the different sources of income. The ILS results will not yield standard error for the structural coefficients therefore it will be hard to obtain the values of the structural coefficients. In addition to that, all of our equations are over-identified, therefore ILS is an inappropriate method to estimate the coefficients.Two-stage least squares (2SLS)Consumption GoodsFood (948 obs)Non Food (1078 obs)Tobacco-Alcohol (634 obs) foremost Equati onCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value) never-ending6.428484 (0.000)1.401963 (0.070)12.94298 (0.001)lnwages0.2235283 (0.000)0.2880426 (0.000)0.7781965 (0.000)lncondo0.0223739 (0.622)0.2036453 (0.013)-1.47202 (0.000)lnconab0.205797 (0.001)0.5110999 (0.000)0.6098058 (0.121)2nd Eq. lnwagesCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value) uninterrupted2.122649 (0.000)2.122649 (0.000)1.884011 (0.000)lnwsag0.3611279 (0.000)0.3611279 (0.000)0.42199 (0.000)lnwsnag0.5175117 (0.000)0.5175117 (0.000)0.483135 (0.000)third Eq. lncondoCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value) unalterable7.75861 (0.000)7.75861 (0.000)7.887869 (0.000)s1021_age-0.0003422 (0.903)-0.0003422 (0.903)0.0014345 (0.720)s1041_hgc0.0346237 (0.000)0.0346237 (0.000)0.1302147 (0.000)s1101_employed-0.023387 (0.450)-0.023387 (0.450)-0.0601213 (0.111)lc10conwr0.1583353 (0.345)0.1583353 (0.345)0.0871853 (0.710)quaternary Eq. lnconabCoefficients (P-value)Coeffic ients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant10.39914 (0.000)10.39914 (0.000)9.947326 (0.000)s1021_age0.004519 (0.169)0.004519 (0.169)0.0145833 (0.002)s1041_hgc0.0210221 (0.000)0.0210221 (0.000)0.150857 (0.000)s1101_employed0.0420871 (0.245)0.0420871 (0.245)0.0273189 (0.541)lc10conwr-0.6848394 (0.000)-0.6848394 (0.000)-0.7780885 (0.005)Since FIES is a cross sectional data, the model maybe exposed to the violations of multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity. As shown in the appendix1, under the CLRM violations, there exists no multicollinearity in the equations, but there exists heteroscedasticity three out of four equations in the model. The only way to correct for the heteroscedasticity problem is by estimating the simultaneous equations using the three-stage least squares method, which is considered to be sound knowledge approach.Three-stage least squares (3SLS)Consumption GoodsFood (948 obs)Non Food (1078 obs)Tobacco-Alcohol (634 obs) foremost EquationCoefficients (P-value)Coe fficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant6.383871 (0.000)0.7926094 (0.289)18.63624 (0.000)lnwages0.2224267 (0.000)0.2831109 (0.000)0.7374008 (0.000)lncondo0.0245077 (0.582)0.3151916 (0.000)-2.405262 (0.000)lnconab0.2101956 (0.001)0.4810778 (0.000)0.9024638 (0.020)2nd Eq. lnwagesCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant2.142826 (0.000)2.126479 (0.000)1.895235 (0.000)lnwsag0.3560053 (0.000)0.3594587 (0.000)0.419183 (0.000)lnwsnag0.5203181 (0.000)0.5187091 (0.000)0.4846674 (0.000)third Eq. lncondoCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant7.66644 (0.000)7.420188 (0.000)8.252266 (0.000)s1021_age0.0000462 (0.987)-0.0005333 (0.840)0.0042572 (0.224)s1041_hgc0.0344578 (0.000)0.0327889 (0.000)0.0972984 (0.002)s1101_employed-0.0109756 (0.720)0.030168 (0.302)-0.0811008 (0.009)lc10conwr0.173369 (0.296)0.234941 (0.151)-0.0362562 (0.860)4th Eq. lnconabCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant9 .635422 (0.000)9.760654 (0.000)9.899007 (0.000)s1021_age0.0025551 (0.394)0.0034051 (0.195)0.0140427 (0.003)s1041_hgc0.0212975 (0.000)0.0171248 (0.000)0.1589354 (0.000)s1101_employed0.1534522 (0.000)0.1464836 (0.000)0.0291422 (0.510)lc10conwr-0.484862 (0.011)-0.5302148 (0.004)-0.761339 (0.006)By using the 3SLS, the models are now corrected and it is free from any CLRM violations. Therefore, the table shown above is already the final model of estimation, and we can now assure the results equation per equation basis.Check for equality and unit elasticityAs indicated in the appendices (last part), we also check if there lnwages and lnconab in the food consumption equation are indeed equal. We used the test ascendency in STATA, to see if the two variables are equal, by looking at its p-value. The resulting p-value of the test is 0.8614, meaning we have no evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the two variables coefficients are equal. We made the same process for the lnwages and lncondo in the nonfood consumption equation, and the resulting p-value of the test is 0.6846, which means that lnwages and lncondo are also equal in the estimation. deviation from the check for equality, we also check if the lnconabs income elasticity to tobacco-alcohol consumption is equal to 1. The resulting p-value for the test is 0.8007, which means that the income elasticity of lnconab to tobacco-alcohol consumption is 1, meaning it is unit elastic.ResultsModel 1 Food ConsumptionIn the first model, which is the total food expenditure model, the variable domestic source of income in the 1st equation is considered to be statistically insignificant. This means that it will be nonsense(prenominal) to constitute the results of that particular variable. As for wages and foreign source of income, we can see that the two coefficients are very similar, which means that for every one percent increase in wages and foreign source of income, food consumption increases by 0.22 and 0.21 p ercent respectively. The results are clearly consistent with Engels Law of food consumption that the proportion of food expenditure decrease as an individuals income increases.For the 2nd equation, which is the wage equation, the result shows that the impact of non-agricultural activities is great compared to agricultural activities. This is consistent with our a-priori expectation of one having a larger impact than the other. In reality, we can see that non-agricultural activities result to higher income overdue to its high value added products that it produces. The higher the value added the work is, the higher the changes are that wages or salaries received will be also higher.For the 3rd and 4th equation, which is considered to be similar except for the source of income where it comes from, the results show that only highest grade completed is considered to be statistically significant in the 3rd equation, while in the 4th equation, the household heads age is the only one whi ch is statistically insignificant. For the domestic source of income, we can observed that people who has a larger share of the wages or salaries in the company, have typically higher educational attainment compared to those who have demoralise educational attainment. The result of the 3rd equation maybe attributed to that factor. For the 4th equation, it is the same description for the highest grade completed by the household head as in the 3rd equation. While for the total family members employed with pay, it has a exacting relationship, simply because if there are larger number of family members who are work and receiving salaries, the additive source of income will be larger, compared to those families who have fewer number of family members working(a) with pay. The last variable in the 4th equation, which is the dummy variable remove worker, we can see in the result that if an individual is a contract worker, generally, that individual will receive disappoint wages comp ared to those regular(a) employees. This is because contractual workers are given limited period of time to work for accredited companies, and companies hire contractual workers for short term uses. With that, companies usually pay lower amount of wages to these short term workers.Model 2 Non food consumptionFor the 2nd model, the nonfood consumption model, all the variables in the 1st equation are all statistically significant. The coefficients of wages and domestic source of income are similar, but there is a disparity between these two variables and the foreign source of income, which resulted to a higher coefficient. The higher coefficient means that the foreign source of income is more sensitive to nonfood consumption compared to the initial two variables wages and domestic income. We can see in the result that a hoEffect of Remittances on Household Consumption PatternsEffect of Remittances on Household Consumption PatternsDo remittances affect the consumption pattern of th e Filipino households?ObjectivesThe objective of this paper is to formulate structural models to illustrate the change in consumption pattern of the Filipino households. In this study, our aim is to use an advanced econometric approach to find out if there is indeed such change in the consumption pattern of the household receiving remittances as compared to those who only get their income from domestic sources.Review of Related LiteratureThere are several studies regarding the consumption patterns of household. One of which is the study made by Taylor and Mora (2006), they studied about the effect of migration in reshaping the expenditure of rural households in Mexico. The conclusion that they made is that remittances has positive effects on total expenditures and investment. They also found out that as the remittances of rural household increases, the proportion of the income on consumption decreases (Taylor Mora, 2006). Another one is the study of Rasyad A. Parinduri Shandre M. Thangavelu (2008), wherein they used the Indonesia Family Life Survey data to observe the effect of remittances to the consumption patterns of the Indonesian households. In their study, they used the matching and difference-in-difference matching estimators to observe the relationship. They found out that remittances do not improve the living standard of the households, nor do remittances have an effect on economic development. They used the education and medical expenditure as indicators of economic development. The major findings that they have are that most of the Indonesian households used the remittances in terms of investing them into luxury goods such as house and jewelries (Parinduri Thangavelu, 2008). Using the same study, we intend to observe the consumption pattern of the households, based not only on the remittances but also to other sources of income. In addition to that, instead of looking at economic development, we intend to look at the consumption goods that househ olds normally consume, and see if there are indeed changes in the consumption patterns of the selected households.Theoretical FrameworkEngels LawMethodology and DataIn the methodology and data part, our main concern is to find ways to observe the consumption patterns of the Filipino households here in this country. In order to do that, we tried to find a dataset that will explain such relationship. Based from the available datasets here in the country, we would say that the Family Income and Expenditure Survey or the FIES best suits our study. The dataset enlists all the possible consumption goods that were being consumed by the households during a specific year. In addition to that, we can also determine the source of income of the different households that was made available in the dataset. By examining the relationship of consumption and income, we will be able to observe the behavioral aspect of the Filipino households consumption based from the income that they received.Due to the inaccessibility of the latest data, we settled for the 2003 edition. Based on this data, we will be able to observe the impact of the different sources of income to the kind of goods that the Filipino families consume, using an advanced econometric approach called the simultaneous equation model (SEM).After acquiring the right dataset for this study, we must next formulate the different structural equations to illustrate the consumption patterns. In this paper, we have formulated four equations, one of which is based from the Engels Law, which again, states that when an individuals income increases, his/her percentage of consumption decreases (Engels Law, n.d.). As for the other three other equations which are mainly composed of different sources of income, mainly wages, domestic source, and foreign source, we have used other studies conducted by (SOURCE) ,to see what are the factors that affects or determine the different sources of income.After formulating the equations, we de cided to use the log-log model for the estimation, simply because our study aims to observe the income elasticity of the different goods. With the use of the log-log model, we will be able to determine the elasticity of the different consumption goods, by just looking at their respective estimated coefficients. Another reason why we chose the log-log model is because of the limited information about the domestic and foreign source of income in the FIES data. There are several households in the data who either do not receive domestic or foreign source of income, or the data gatherers failed to obtain these data from the respective respondents. By using the log-log model, we will be able to exclude those unrecorded observations, so that the results will be not inconsistent and will not be affected by the people who do not receive income from either domestic or foreign source.After citing the reasons for the construction of the model, next, we will be observing three consumption goods, particularly the total food expenditures, the total non food expenditures, and the tobacco-alcohol consumption.Model 1 Food ConsumptionEquation 1Equation 2Equation 3Equation 4Where food = total food expendituresCondo = domestic source of incomeConab = foreign source of incomeWage = wages or salaries of the householdWsag = wages or salaries from agricultural activitiesWsnag = wages or salaries from non-agricultural activitiesS1021_age = household head ageS1041_hgc = household head highest grade completedS1101_employed = total number of family employed with payLc10_conwr = contractual worker indicatorIn order to observe the consumption patterns of the Filipino household based from the different sources of income, we will be modifying the first equation of the model, by replacing one good to the other good, while maintaining the same structural forms. For example, in the initial first model, we have chosen food expenditure as our first consumption good. Later on, we will be observing other consumption goods such as non food expenditure, and alcoholic tobacco-alcohol consumption, and we will replace the food consumption with these other goods. This is because consumption goods are all affected by the income, and we have chosen the different income sources based from the availability of the FIES data, which was released on 2003.A-priori expectationGiven the interrelationship of the equations, it seems like we have to solve the equations simultaneously to estimate for the unknown variables. Before we can use the simultaneous equation model (SEM) approach, there are several identification problems that we must solve in order to know whether SEM is an appropriate method or not. According to Gujarati and Porter (2009), the identification problem process consists of the following tests a. order and rank condition, b. Hausman specification test, which is also known as the simultaneity test, and c. exogeneity test.Identification ProblemOrder and rank conditionBefore we p roceed with the order and rank condition, we must first define the different variables that we will be using in order to test whether the equations are under-identified, exactly identified or over-identified.Legend M number of endogenous variables in the modelm number of endogenous variables in the equationK number of exogenous/predetermined variables in the modelk number of exogenous/predetermined variables in the equationOrder ConditionThe order condition is a necessary but not sufficient condition for identification (Gujarati and Porter, 2009). This test is used to see whether an equation is identified by comparing the number of excluded exogenous/predetermined variables in a given equation with the number of endogenous variables in the equation less one. There will be three instances where we can determine if the equation is identified or not. First, if K-k (number of excluded predetermined variables in the equation) In the first model, there are four endogenous variables namely lnfood, lnwages, lncondo, and lnconab (M=4). And there are also six exogenous variables in the equation which are the variables that were not named (K=6). With that, the order condition of the food consumption is illustrated belowEquationK-km-1ConclusionLnfood63OverLnwages40OverLncondo20OverLnconab20OverIn the first case, all the equations are considered to be over-identified, simply because K-k m-1. In the order condition, we have concluded that the model is identified. However, the order condition is not sufficiently enough to justify whether an equation is identified or not, that is why there is another condition that must be satisfied before we can proceed to the estimation process, which is the rank condition.Rank ConditionThe rank condition is a necessary and sufficient condition for identification. In order to satisfy the rank condition, there must be at least one nonzero determinant of order (M-1) (M-1) can be constructed from the coefficients of the variables excluded fro m that particular equation but included in the other equations of the model?(Gujarati and Porter, 2009).YsXsEq.FoodWagescondoconab1wssagwsnaghh_agehh_hgcemployedconwrlnfood1000000lnwages01000000Lncondo001000Lnconab000100We simplify the variables notation, but its basically the same as the variables in the model, it only lacks the ln? in some variables, and some variables descriptions are shortened. We can observed that the (M-1) x (M-1), which in this case is 3 x 3 matrices, have at least one nonzero determinant, therefore the rank condition is satisfied. We can now proceed to the other identification test.Hausman specification testThe Hausman specification test is to test whether the equations exhibits simultaneity problem or not. According to Gujarati and Porter (2009), if there is not simultaneity problem, then OLS is BLUE (best linear unbiased estimator). But if there is simultaneity problem, then OLS is not blue, because the estimated results will be bias and inconsistent. With that, we have to use the different estimation techniques of the SEM in order to regress the given equations.The Hausman specification test involves the following process First, we regress an endogenous variable with respect to all of the exogenous/predetermined variables in the system, after which we obtain the value of the residual, in which it is the predictedThe second step is to regress the endogenous variable with respect to the other endogenous variables plus the predicted . If the is statistically significant, this means that we have all the evidence to reject the null hypothesis, which states that there is no simultaneity bias in the model. But if it is insignificant, we have no evidence to reject the null hypothesis, and if that happens, there is no simultaneity problem. The variable that exhibits no simultaneity bias should not be treated as an endogenous variable. (Gujarati and Porter, 2009)Dependent variable lnwagesP-valuesIndependent variables lncondo0.370lnconab0.014u hat0.000For the simultaneity test in the first model, we follow the steps in the Hausman specification test. After that, we observed the predicted uhat in this regression and we can see that the predicted uhat here is 0.000. This means that the null hypothesis is rejected, and there exist simultaneity bias in the first model, therefore we should use other estimation techniques other than OLS, to produce unbiased and consistent estimates.Exogeneity testAfter the simultaneity test, we must also test for the other exogenous/predetermined variables, to check whether these variables are truly exogenous or not. The process is similar to the Hausman specification test, but instead of regressing the endogenous variables, we regress each exogenous/predetermined variable with respect to the . If the is statistically significant, then we have to reject the null hypothesis that it is truly an exogenous variable. But if the p-value of the is 1.000, this means that we have no evidence to reject t he null hypothesis, and we conclude that the corresponding variables are truly exogenous or truly predetermined variables.Exogenous variables 2nd equationResulting p-values for uhatLnwsag1.000lnwsnag1.000Exogenous variables 3nd equationResulting p-values for uhats1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Exogenous variables 4nd equationResulting p-values for uhats1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Based from the table given above, each exogenous variable is regressed against the predict uhat and looking at the respective p-values, which are all 1.000. This means that we have no evidence to reject that these variables are indeed truly exogenous variables in each of the equations.Model 2 Non Food ConsumptionEquation 1Equation 2Equation 3Equation 4Where nonfood = total non food expenditureIn model 2, we basically changed the total food expenditure with the total non food expenditure. Before we can regress the model, this model should also undergo series of identification problem process to see if whether the model is identified or not. We will also test if the nonfood expenditure model exhibits simultaneity bias and if all of its exogenous variables are truly exogenous.Order and Rank ConditionOrder ConditionEquationK-km-1ConclusionLnnonfood63OverLnwages40OverLncondo20OverLnconab20OverSimilar to the food consumption order condition, the non food consumption is also identified based on the order condition. All equations are concluded to be over-identified therefore we can say that the model is identified. But again, we must use the rank condition to further validate if the equations are truly identified or not.Rank ConditionYsXsEq.nonfoodwagescondoconab1wssagwsnaghh_agehh_hgcemployedconwrlnnonfood1000000lnwages01000000lncondo001000lnconab000100Based from the sub 33 matrices, we can say that there exists at least one nonzero determinant in the equation, therefore rank condition is satisfied. This means that the equatio ns are identified.Hausman specification testDependent variable lnwagesP-valuesIndependent variables lncondo0.533lnconab0.011uhat20.001For the simultaneity test in model 2, we can see that uhat2 is statistically significant, meaning there exists a simultaneity bias in the model. Therefore we must use the SEM estimation techniques similar to model 1, to estimate the impact of income and consumption goods.Exogeneity testExogenous variables 2nd equationResulting p-values for uhat2Lnwsag1.000lnwsnag1.000Exogenous variables 3nd equationResulting p-values for uhat2s1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Exogenous variables 4nd equationResulting p-values for uhat2s1021_age1.000s1041_hgc1.000s1101_employed1.000lc10_conwr1.000Similar to the food consumption model, the exogenous variables in the nonfood model are truly exogenous, since all the resulting p-values for uhat2, are all 1.000.Model 3 Tobacco-Alcohol ConsumptionEquation 1Equation 2Equation 3Equation 4Where at = tobacco-alcohol consumptionThe same process in model 2 was made here in model 3, we now check for the identification problems for the tobacco-alcohol consumptionOrder and Rank ConditionOrder ConditionEquationK-km-1ConclusionLnat63OverLnwages40OverLncondo20OverLnconab20OverOrder condition is satisfied here in model 3, since all of the equations are concluded to be over-identification. We now proceed to the rank condition to check if the equations are ultimately identified.Rank ConditionYsXsEq.atwagescondoconab1wssagwsnaghh_agehh_hgcemployedconwrlnat1000000lnwages01000000lncondo001000lnconab000100Rank condition is satisfied because there is at least one nonzero determinant here in the sub 33 matrices.Hausman specification testDependent variable lnwagesP-valuesIndependent variables lncondo0.911lnconab0.063uhat30.003In model 3, there is no simultaneity problem because uhat3 is statistically significant. Therefore, we have all the evidence to reject the null hypothesis that there is n o simultaneity bias in the equation. The same procedure as for food and nonfood model, we will be using the different estimation techniques to estimate these unknown variables.Estimation Techniques and ResultsEstimation TechniquesAfter the identification problems of the simultaneous equation problem, we proceed to the estimation techniques. As discussed by Gujarati and Porter (2009), they provided three estimation techniques in order to solve for SEM, namely the ordinary least squares (OLS), indirect least squares (ILS), and the two-stage least squares (2SLS). The OLS is used for the recursive, triangular, or causal models (Gujarati and Porter, 2009). Meanwhile, the ILS focuses more on the reduced form of the simultaneous equations, wherein there exists only one endogenous variable in the reduced form equation and it is expressed in terms of all existing exogenous/predetermined variables in the model. It is estimated through the OLS approach, and this method best suits if the model is exactly identified (Gujarati and Porter, 2009). Lastly, the 2SLS approach, wherein the equations are estimated simultaneously. Unlike ILS, 2SLS can used to estimate exact and over-identified equations. (Gujarati and Porter, 2009)The three approaches discussed by Gujarati and Porter (2009) are all based from the single equation approach. If there are CLRM violations such as autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the models, we must use the system approach, particularly the three-stage least squares (3SLS), to correct these violations. The only drawback of the 3SLS method is that if any errors in one equation will affect the other equations.Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)Since all three models suffer from simultaneity bias, we will not use the OLS in this paper. This is because if we used the OLS in estimating the equation which there exist simultaneity bias, the results will be biased and inconsistent. Therefore, OLS is not a good estimator for the three models.Indirect Least Squa res (ILS)Food consumption model reduced formWhere Nonfood model reduced formWhere Tobacco-Alcohol model reduced formWhere We will not estimate anymore the coefficient for the ILS, because our main goal is to observe the relationship of consumption goods with the different sources of income and not the other determinants of the different sources of income. The ILS results will not yield standard error for the structural coefficients therefore it will be hard to obtain the values of the structural coefficients. In addition to that, all of our equations are over-identified, therefore ILS is an inappropriate method to estimate the coefficients.Two-stage least squares (2SLS)Consumption GoodsFood (948 obs)Non Food (1078 obs)Tobacco-Alcohol (634 obs)1st EquationCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant6.428484 (0.000)1.401963 (0.070)12.94298 (0.001)lnwages0.2235283 (0.000)0.2880426 (0.000)0.7781965 (0.000)lncondo0.0223739 (0.622)0.2036453 (0.013)-1.47202 (0 .000)lnconab0.205797 (0.001)0.5110999 (0.000)0.6098058 (0.121)2nd Eq. lnwagesCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant2.122649 (0.000)2.122649 (0.000)1.884011 (0.000)lnwsag0.3611279 (0.000)0.3611279 (0.000)0.42199 (0.000)lnwsnag0.5175117 (0.000)0.5175117 (0.000)0.483135 (0.000)3rd Eq. lncondoCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant7.75861 (0.000)7.75861 (0.000)7.887869 (0.000)s1021_age-0.0003422 (0.903)-0.0003422 (0.903)0.0014345 (0.720)s1041_hgc0.0346237 (0.000)0.0346237 (0.000)0.1302147 (0.000)s1101_employed-0.023387 (0.450)-0.023387 (0.450)-0.0601213 (0.111)lc10conwr0.1583353 (0.345)0.1583353 (0.345)0.0871853 (0.710)4th Eq. lnconabCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant10.39914 (0.000)10.39914 (0.000)9.947326 (0.000)s1021_age0.004519 (0.169)0.004519 (0.169)0.0145833 (0.002)s1041_hgc0.0210221 (0.000)0.0210221 (0.000)0.150857 (0.000)s1101_employed0.0420871 (0.245)0.0420871 (0.245)0 .0273189 (0.541)lc10conwr-0.6848394 (0.000)-0.6848394 (0.000)-0.7780885 (0.005)Since FIES is a cross sectional data, the model maybe exposed to the violations of multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity. As shown in the appendix1, under the CLRM violations, there exists no multicollinearity in the equations, but there exists heteroscedasticity three out of four equations in the model. The only way to correct for the heteroscedasticity problem is by estimating the simultaneous equations using the three-stage least squares method, which is considered to be full information approach.Three-stage least squares (3SLS)Consumption GoodsFood (948 obs)Non Food (1078 obs)Tobacco-Alcohol (634 obs)1st EquationCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant6.383871 (0.000)0.7926094 (0.289)18.63624 (0.000)lnwages0.2224267 (0.000)0.2831109 (0.000)0.7374008 (0.000)lncondo0.0245077 (0.582)0.3151916 (0.000)-2.405262 (0.000)lnconab0.2101956 (0.001)0.4810778 (0.000)0.9024638 ( 0.020)2nd Eq. lnwagesCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant2.142826 (0.000)2.126479 (0.000)1.895235 (0.000)lnwsag0.3560053 (0.000)0.3594587 (0.000)0.419183 (0.000)lnwsnag0.5203181 (0.000)0.5187091 (0.000)0.4846674 (0.000)3rd Eq. lncondoCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant7.66644 (0.000)7.420188 (0.000)8.252266 (0.000)s1021_age0.0000462 (0.987)-0.0005333 (0.840)0.0042572 (0.224)s1041_hgc0.0344578 (0.000)0.0327889 (0.000)0.0972984 (0.002)s1101_employed-0.0109756 (0.720)0.030168 (0.302)-0.0811008 (0.009)lc10conwr0.173369 (0.296)0.234941 (0.151)-0.0362562 (0.860)4th Eq. lnconabCoefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)Coefficients (P-value)constant9.635422 (0.000)9.760654 (0.000)9.899007 (0.000)s1021_age0.0025551 (0.394)0.0034051 (0.195)0.0140427 (0.003)s1041_hgc0.0212975 (0.000)0.0171248 (0.000)0.1589354 (0.000)s1101_employed0.1534522 (0.000)0.1464836 (0.000)0.0291422 (0.510)lc10conwr-0.484862 (0.011)-0.5302148 (0.004)-0.761339 (0.006)By using the 3SLS, the models are now corrected and it is free from any CLRM violations. Therefore, the table shown above is already the final model of estimation, and we can now interpret the results equation per equation basis.Check for equality and unit elasticityAs indicated in the appendices (last part), we also check if there lnwages and lnconab in the food consumption equation are indeed equal. We used the test command in STATA, to see if the two variables are equal, by looking at its p-value. The resulting p-value of the test is 0.8614, meaning we have no evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the two variables coefficients are equal. We made the same process for the lnwages and lncondo in the nonfood consumption equation, and the resulting p-value of the test is 0.6846, which means that lnwages and lncondo are also equal in the estimation. Aside from the check for equality, we also check if the lnconabs income elasticity to tobacco-alcohol cons umption is equal to 1. The resulting p-value for the test is 0.8007, which means that the income elasticity of lnconab to tobacco-alcohol consumption is 1, meaning it is unit elastic.ResultsModel 1 Food ConsumptionIn the first model, which is the total food expenditure model, the variable domestic source of income in the 1st equation is considered to be statistically insignificant. This means that it will be meaningless to interpret the results of that particular variable. As for wages and foreign source of income, we can see that the two coefficients are very similar, which means that for every one percent increase in wages and foreign source of income, food consumption increases by 0.22 and 0.21 percent respectively. The results are clearly consistent with Engels Law of food consumption that the proportion of food expenditure decrease as an individuals income increases.For the 2nd equation, which is the wage equation, the result shows that the impact of non-agricultural activitie s is greater compared to agricultural activities. This is consistent with our a-priori expectation of one having a larger impact than the other. In reality, we can see that non-agricultural activities result to higher income due to its high value added products that it produces. The higher the value added the work is, the higher the changes are that wages or salaries received will be also higher.For the 3rd and 4th equation, which is considered to be similar except for the source of income where it comes from, the results show that only highest grade completed is considered to be statistically significant in the 3rd equation, while in the 4th equation, the household heads age is the only one which is statistically insignificant. For the domestic source of income, we can observed that people who has a larger share of the wages or salaries in the company, have typically higher educational attainment compared to those who have lower educational attainment. The result of the 3rd equatio n maybe attributed to that factor. For the 4th equation, it is the same explanation for the highest grade completed by the household head as in the 3rd equation. While for the total family members employed with pay, it has a positive relationship, simply because if there are larger number of family members who are working and receiving salaries, the cumulative source of income will be larger, compared to those families who have fewer number of family members working with pay. The last variable in the 4th equation, which is the dummy variable contract worker, we can see in the result that if an individual is a contract worker, generally, that individual will receive lower wages compared to those regular employees. This is because contractual workers are given limited period of time to work for certain companies, and companies hire contractual workers for short term uses. With that, companies usually pay lower amount of wages to these short term workers.Model 2 Non food consumptionFo r the 2nd model, the nonfood consumption model, all the variables in the 1st equation are all statistically significant. The coefficients of wages and domestic source of income are similar, but there is a disparity between these two variables and the foreign source of income, which resulted to a higher coefficient. The higher coefficient means that the foreign source of income is more sensitive to nonfood consumption compared to the initial two variables wages and domestic income. We can see in the result that a ho