Business Strategies for Technical Progress

clientele enterprise Strategies for Technical ProgressThe modern world is getting growthively brisk. The penetration of fluent devices in the market has been extremely fast and overwhelming. Mobile technology influenced and changed the way slew live, work and entertain, and acquire only r maturationized the way companies conduct business. Nowadays m some(prenominal) activities are carried come out on the move- socializing, business, learning etc., because many business process onlyt end be widen to meandering(a) ones, and nearly every activity can be turn into officious application. Due to the widespread of mobile technology, people are forever online, they can talk and hear regardless of the place where they are. Mobile communication theory are based on wireless solutions, transparent and cheap, and in the die hard of time it has a real potential to replace traditional computers (Deibert and Rothlauf, 2006).Business strategies have evolved vastly together with t he rapid technical progress of mobile technologies. The organizations are using mobile technology to function better and smarter. The blue-belly development of mobile devices and integration of technological tools in the business trading trading operations have allowed new opportunities for improving the performance of a company, by make the processes simpler and more effective.Mobile devices have become an internal part of our lives and make distance and location factors increasingly irrelevant. The impact of mobile technology on places of work and the business environment is visible. Business systems can take vantage of mobile technologies to improve their wareivity and efficacy in many ways. It is instantaneously feasible for people to perform business operations from almost anywhere. The faculty to access cyberspace through and through their phone allows the executives to gather real-time data that can help them with taking avered business decisions (Cellary and Iyenga r, 2002). Furthermore, the recent developments of mobile technology have created a countless realises for businesses and led to tremendous improvements in many business areas. Below are presented several examples of how mobile technology make a true impact on business communication. improve customer supportMobile technologies are playing a lively role in improving customer-satisfaction and social impact in business. The skill to convey issues and feedback to employees almost a product or a attend at any time makes an important improvement to customer attend to. In addition, the increasing number of users using Internet on their smartphones for various operate has led to the boom of social media apps, and consequently many businesses begun investing in making their social media platforms responsive to customers (Smith, 2016). In this way people can connect with the brands through online messaging options and get an instant response to their inquiries. mend gross revenue perfor manceOne of the major tools for gross sales personnel is to make love their customers. By using mobile phones, sales representatives can access the customers exhibit and get up-to-date entropy about his essential needs and preferences, sales and inquiries prior to the meeting, and thus be prepared to offer him appropriate solutions. Furthermore, sales executives can track the inventory, obtain sales reports and status of guilds in real-time, and inform the clients by email or phone in order to hie up the process and hence bring customer satisfaction (Mincey, 2016). heighten collaborationSmart mobile devices enable all employees to join unshakable meetings and colleagues to collaborate with each other from anywhere in the world via Internet. Whether it is a web conference, video call or online meeting, this mobile phone service allows the team members to contribute to the discussion and exchange viewpoints, which can prevent any delays in work and helps increasing the team mot ivation and productivity.Optimized operationsWith the evolution of mobile technology, business operations have been carried out simpler and quicker. For example, cloud computation allows employees to easily access important files from anywhere using mobile phones with Internet connection. They can also retrieve sales records and any other call for data from the databases, and thus provide accurate and quick service to the customers.The rational Mobile Device Survey, which was conducted in April-May 2014, examined 1,090 U.S. small and medium sized enterprises about the way mobile technologies impact both(prenominal) their business and society. Two organizations stood out with their approach of using innovative technology tools for achieving economic empowerment and stimulate value for society.Good World Solutions organization implemented a mobile-based course of study called Labor Link that is helping business to acquire feedback from employees about the working(a) conditions a nd also are providing them with information on health care and education. mark Spencer company have use the program to help for the improvement of pecuniary literacy among Indian factory workers. They have distributed a simple survey through their mobile phones and thousands of workers took part in it. The results helped Marks Spencer to generate information that allowed them to vary its training according to the specific needs of the workers, and also have contributed by educating them to save, as the number of workers having bank accounts is reported to have increased with 33% after the first part of the survey.Grameen Foundation is providing for organizations working to prevent want by supplying them with products and services that can increase their efficiency. TaroWorks is a product of theirs, a mobile enabled tool with a cloud-based back end. It is often used by workers on the field, who submit real-time information through a mobile phone. VisionSpring is another company that uses TaroWorks for the purpose of improved business operations and social assistance. The business is selling eyeglasses to poor people, in order to alleviate poverty by encouraging them to learn and work. In the ago VisionSpring was not able to obtain information about its customers because it was expensive and complicated, but now with the use of TaroWorks and mobile phones the company is collecting vital information that will help adapting its products. (Adesnik, 2013)In spite of the positive impact that mobile technology have on the success in business in our world, there are many companies which do not understand the benefit they would gain from adapting such technology in their business. A study released by business and accounting software provider Sage North the States in 2014 have found that 77% of the companies do not think of to invest in mobile technology. The study revealed that only 5% of the businesses have planned a budget specifically for mobile devices, and also that the percent in employers who provides their employees with a mobile phones have dropped with 14% since the last yr (Angeles, 2014).Mobile technology is enriching our lives. It is helping us to work on what is both good for business and good for the world. It is making communication between people possible, anywhere in the world, for everyone with access to Internet. Mobile technology have bully power and strong impact on businesses that are using mobile enabled tools and devices to collect information and use it to make informed decisions.The fast progress of mobile technology does not seem to slow down, and if a business is striving for success, it should apply the mobile advancements in order to use them as an advantage.

Effects of Consumer Switching Costs

Effects of Consumer displacement CostsThe presumptuousness about pass shift woo is rather natural to the consequence that sorbers at unrivaled(a)ment or dissatis detailion about a wedge represent the gate be dispa drift according to individual pick outence to avows gains and borrowers support measure them scarce only after having the family. Switching exist may capture get take aim of cost of closing an g e preciseplacenment none with one brim and opening it elsew here, the cost associated with different application procedures with roughly other trusts bargonly excessively loss of consanguinity benefit in the midst of borrower and his former curse.A borrower faces change by reversal be in a descent with an individual confide it would be costly to borrow from a single lender if its primary intrust is in pecuniary distress. This implies that default risk would be more sensitive to our bank health measures if the bank-firm kinship is close .Over on the whole, the following ar the main mop ups for this content, apiece of these sh every(prenominal) be dealed end-to-end the chapterThe respondents elaborated that the manner in which they were affected by the crisis when the international banking frame collapsed cartroading to drying up of honorable mention. Living in the credit- compulsive environment, both individuals as rise up as the corporate sector found it difficult to face the no credit situation. Government-driven rescue packages were being announced across the world to dispense with their respective economies. The measures were running into hundreds of billions of their home currencies. The magnitude was so huge and the government issue so wide spread, that it spread across several(a) sectors and various economies. date is indirectly related to the bank allegiance as comprehend by quality. This is ground on the dissolvers of large scale observational results in a global level. Service quality i s indirectly and directly related to bank subjection in full terms of happiness. Satisfaction has a direct kernel on loyalty for the bank. It is now clear on level of the mentioned constructs that dependableness or the quality dimension and the position in the trade or the image dimension argon both measurable drivers of bank sell loyalty.Therefore the quality of a bank should be more important for credit line guests than for other bestow guests. We at that placefore apply and leaven the hypothesis that credit line borrowers ar giveing to pay duplication for borrowing from a bank of high quality.A wide dictate of calculates maintain the market origin in banking. Entry into the banking sector is restrict by regulatory agencies, creating one of the preconditions for a degree of monopoly power and administrated set. market place power and an inelastic demand for retail bank products may similarly result from the human race of reverse cost and asymmetric sele ctive information cost. Switching be may arise when bank guests consider fault from one bank to a nonher, for example when a household intend to transfer its nest egg res publicas from bank A to bank B. Costs of acquiring information and wait and administrative cost are potentially important in markets where substantive information or transaction costs exist.The costs are also expected to be high in markets with long-term affinitys and repeated minutes (Sharpe, 1997). Generally the existence of change by reversal costs results in market sectionalisation and reduces the demand elasticity (Klemperer, 1987). Moreover, fifty-fifty in the presence of small shift key costs, the hypothesis predicts that the smaller the proportion of clients that are new to the market, the slight private-enterprise(a) footings result be. Thus, even with non-co-operative demeanor, shift key costs result in a retail bank use up rate adjustment of slight than one to a change in the mar ket participation rate (Lowe and Rohling, 1992). ii main limitations are associated with this case study. First, we hire not collected the fiscal performance information and therefore are not able to discuss cost effectiveness and profit business leader of the schemes. The second limitation is related to the drivers of customer loyalty in retail banking industry. Future investigations should focus on loyalty program component analysis, customer loyalty measures, customer attraction and profitability, and designing and costs of loyalty programs.The findings kindle that the majority of the analyzed loyalty programs a acquiree by a repeat purchasing. The retail banks automatically record individual customers detail and transactions that provide an opportunity for marketing people to organize sectionalization and targeting, and create birth marketing strategy as surface as individual marketing offers to the clients. However, the research shows that the banks are basically concentrated on 2 customer segments the potentially profitable customers and the customers, who are willing to livelihood currency in their bank accounts. Most of the retail bank loyalty programs offer their customers only a discount on the transaction costs. It could be viewed as an indirect price cut policy, which leads to the constant battle for the price.The deprecative issue for the well-nigh programs launched by the banks is to reinforce the esteem proposition of the bank brand, to enhance loyalty toward the brand, not just toward the rewards. Relationship marketing scheme and kinship based loyalty programs are important to retail banking service providers, because it is a right way to build relationship and loyalty.Furthermore, a conclusion is reached that retail banks are offering non-customized loyalty programs and that marketing specialists are not familiar enough with the factors that determine the choice of loyalty programs.Based on the results, loan securitiza tion tummy be utilized as a strategic tool to soften the competitor in the loan market. Like all pecuniaryly troubled firms, a banks debt determine strategy is give carely to be driven by the need to generate cash to ascension runniness to fund enthronements or to raise short term profitability. The deposit pricing strategy chosen however may not be coherent and instead will depend on institutional factors and also section between different classes of deposit investors.The most important institutional factor affecting pricing strategy of sick banks is deposit insurance the existence of fixed premium deposit insurance alters the nature of the more oecumenic creditor-owner conflict. For some(prenominal) overturned firm the incentive to generate coin to boost short-term profits or to gamble for pick exists these funds in theory can be bewildered directly through the monetary markets. For most firms debt covenants make gambling difficult but for banks financing through depositors may be promptly available to the extent deposit insurance exists. Because deposit insurance eliminates the incentive for depositors to monitor bank risk, it makes generating large amounts of funding, to use in risky investitures, much easier. This attends to be, to a large extent what happened to financially distressed banks in U.K. during the time period studied.But the fact that all dimensions of bank deposit pass judgment do not amplify with distress and the fact that some increase more than others suggests that deposit insurance does not face to be the only factor affecting bank deposit pricing strategy. Differences between classes of depositors allow banks to tailor deposit pricing strategies to best perplex funding in the most cost-effective way. Distressed banks tend to increase deposit rates only for the most investment lie depositors (non-transaction account depositors) and do not significantly raise rates for the least investment oriented depositors (t ransaction account depositors). Additionally, not fully insured investment oriented (large time) depositors tend to be offered rates higher(prenominal) than mostly insured investment oriented (non-transaction non-large time) depositors. Thus distressed banks offer a premium both based on the change magnitude risk (if deposits are uninsurable) and for depositors being more investment oriented. Past works have generally suggested that troubled banks bid up deposit rates in a gamble for survival or that they may have to offer higher rates for uninsured depositors to compensate for the increased risk. The results suggest, that both explanations are partially correct in that they are both factors to varying degrees based on depositor class and that neither are significant factors for the least investment oriented depositors. The results provide unobjectionable evidence that moral hazard is a issue in banking and except that it is increased by deposit insurance since distressed banks apparently raise rates less for investment oriented investors who have a large portion of their deposits insured (non-large time non-transaction depositors) relative to more uninsured investment oriented investors (large time account depositors). The fact that deposit rates do not increase for transaction account h sometime(a)s as distress increases trance other types of deposit rates increases is also important to consider it suggest that moral hazard in conjunction with the convenience taste of these depositors allows distressed banks to maintain this funding source at minimal cost no matter of risk. Thus the evidence suggests that both deposit insurance and the convenience orientation of a certain class of deposit investors imposes costs on the nett creditor (the FDIC in this case) when a bank is in financial distress. Thus the results have important implications for regulators.The researcher documents the presence of positive duration dependence in relationships. In other w ords, firms become more bidly to end a bank relationship as a relationship matures. Taken alone, this result suggests that the value of relationships decline through time, and those firms are able to end relationships early, perchance to avoid lock-in. This inference is military forceened by the fact that small, girlish, and highly-leveraged firms maintain the shortest relationships. Although theory suggests that such bank-dependent firms are the most susceptible to lock-in, our findings imply that bemuseing costs are low enough to permit these firms to change banks often.Holding other firm characteristics constant, we show that competing bank relationships reduce the market power of any one bank, making long-term relationships more worthful. Although firms with multiple bank relationships suppress relationships frequently, they do so by terminating newer relationships and keeping long-term ones. Intuitively, the existence of alternating(a) sources of bank credit reduces the ability for any one bank to scupper holdup. With lower holdup costs, a long-term relationship becomes more valuable to the multiple-bank firms.The researcher also finds some indication that firms terminate relationships as they outgrow their banks. Firms tend to switch from small banks to larger banks, and maintain the longest relationships with Norways two largest banks. However, we find no evidence that this preference for larger banks arises as a result of limited capacity at other banks. Instead, growing firms could prefer the higher quality service offered by the large banks.The evidence presented here should be useful to future(a) day theorists interested in stumpering the value of bank relationships. However, one should take caution in drawing far-reaching conclusions from this study. Our information reveals very little about the actual nature of the relationships. We are ineffectual to observe how the price and quantity of bestow change over the endure of the relatio nship and do not know the other types of banking services offered to customers in a bank relationship. Indeed, an ideal extension of this study would be to obtain a time-series of relationship-specific information about banks and their customers and examine the duration of the relationship as a function of relationship-specific shiftings.The constant effort of managers to stimulate customer loyalty involves customer integration in the firm value chain as a result of personalised marketing (Vesanen, 2007) aiming at intensifying the relationship between the supplier and its customers and increasing customer loyalty. Customer loyalty can be seen as a result of switching costs, opportunity costs and sunk costs based on technological, contractual and psychological obligations go about by a customer (Jackson, 1985 Riemer and Totz, 2003). All sources of these costs are based on the interaction with a customer during the course of integration. Switching costs increase callable to the est ablished trust towards the supplier and its capability to toy promised quality levels. If customers can be persuaded to invest significantly in a specific relationship, then sunk costs increase. Additionally, if customer satisfaction is positively influenced by customisation, then a customers opportunity costs increase as a defecting customer risks losing the net benefits of the current relationship (Riemer and Totz, 2003). However, not all companies will be able to draw profits from these saving potentials to a similar extent, regardless of whether they have already realised the existence of these effects.The degree of customer interaction is influenced by the characteristics of the good beingindividualised, such as its complexity, the expenditures and the risks of its utilisation andcustomisation.The paper contributes to the literature in identify new strength and weakness orbital cavitys concerning the actual range of services offered by retail banks, the re-purchase intentions , the state of relationships with customers, and the opponents image positioning.The findings of this research suggest several implications also for marketing practitioners, as they validate the concept that relationship marketing orientation is hypercritical for job performance. Firstly, since only when the satisfaction with the core service and relationship is high, the commitment will be higher, banks have to ensure that utmost importance is given to attributes like quality, product features, product availability etc. Moreover, the staff business office is critical in chthonianstanding the customer needs and in satisfying them the higher satisfaction will then increase customer memory board.Secondly, relational switching costs can be increased only by expend in the soft or the relational assets (Nielson, 1996), in terms of various adaptations to favour the customer and also the investments in other soft assets like training for the working staff of the customers etc. Since the interaction is mostly interpersonal in nature, these outcomes hold major lessons for them.Finally, the moderating effect establishes that the investment in the relationship with the customer will raise the relational switching costs. This will help in customer retention, as the customer will not terminate the relationships even if the satisfaction is lower. It makes the portal of any other competitor difficult as he has had no investments in relationship so far.The findings of this study highlighted the strong contribution of social network in influencing consumer behaviour. Therefore, customers are more willing to participate and interact in the foot of the offer, since they recover a sense of belonging. Practitioners should encourage social network in rank to minimise the switching behaviour (see for example the credit cards industry), upgrading their relationship perspective from customer relationship vigilance to vendor relationship management (Berkman Center for Inte rnet and Society). Minimisation of switching behaviour will lead to better customer retention, which will eventually lead to better potty lines.Certainly, the analysis has some limitations, such as the sample size, the variables and the area considered future research will be foc apply especially on the increasing variable, which was eliminated from the model probably due to the variables considered, in night club to assess the word effect of the three macro variables on customer loyalty.The results are lucid with the hypothesis that bank lending is characterized by borrower capture perhaps due to informational monopolies and other sources of switching costs -, as the firms that suffer most from increased market dumbness are those that have no alternative lending sources. The efficiency gains of increased concentration are coverd only with firms that hold loans from multiple banks.These informational switching costs become particularly relevant during episodes of advance ma rket share. For instance, a firm that has established relationships with two banks that ex-post merge, losses its ability to limit lenders power through switching its funding source. Rising concentration and mergers thus produce borrower capture. Moreover, relationships are built through repeated advert between the client and particular bank officers. If these matches are broken over a merger, then valuable information on clients risk may be lost.The results point out to the fact that having alternative lending sources isolates firms from the unfavourable effects that rising concentration and mergers may convey. Thus our findings are accordant with the existence of informational monopolies and switching costs. Moreover, the efficiency gains that result from larger market shares are passed on only to clients that face lower switching costs.Switching costs are much lower if the firm holds loans from more banks, and can little terror to move its business elsewhere if a lender charg es higher interest rates. Alternatively, a firm that holds loans from multiple banks is more liable(predicate) to face rate reductions when its lending source becomes larger and gains efficiency.Little is known about what governs recuperation from banking crises. The first pass at these data uncover several racy patterns. Banks that are already in trouble tend to lend money to riskier clients. Another important factor for recovery is the size of the initial bedevil in profit during the onset of the distress. Third, it also matters the general climate of the bank after the financial shock. But no evidence was found that there was anything different about the banks that recovered from the downturn when many banks were distressed than during other periods. Fourth, recovery also depends the factors that the bank can control. Loan level data suggests that an important reason why the recovering banks manage defaults better is that they are tougher on extending credit to their riskiest customers.Regulators tend to disclose relatively little about what steps are taken with respect to banks that require intervention. Our findings suggest gainful close attention to whether the distressed banks are being particularly hawk-eyed in containing credit to high risk borrowers. To the extent they are not doing so, the regulators could push in this direction. For countries that have credit registers and credit ratings that are readily available this would be easy to implement. Likewise, where regulatory assessments concentrate on a CAMELS which means capitals, assets, management, earnings, liquidity and sensitivity to risk of the markets rating system, the supervisors might wish to pay particular attention to the riskiest assets and customers.SME markets have a dimension that is local. This comes with entry barriers and switching costs and there is a room in use market power. In banking business both satisfaction and switching costs can be regarded as loyalty antecedents h owever, satisfaction influence on loyalty is greater than the influence of switching costs. Researchers established a relationship between overall satisfaction and customer intentions to recommend a bank and to remain a customer. Despite the fact that financial products still are not come apartd, the customers in banking sector cannot make objective assessments of service quality, that is why the concept of trust is very important here.Switching costs curb a return to the local currency even after a successful stabilization effort. These well know incentive effects give rise to the conjecture that once de facto dollarization has reached a threshold, it may well persist, lead-in to the observation of dollarization hysteresis. Each of the foregoing indices depends upon a number of economic variables that job the relative incentives to hold the different assets described in both the denominator and numerator of each index. These incentives include relative rates of return as reflec ted by interest rate differentials, inflation differentials and exchange rate depreciation as well as the relative costs and benefits associated with network externalities, switching costs and risks of banking institutions.An empirical model was proposed for the strategic behavior of firms in the presence of switching costs. The models used the transition probabilities that are in strategic interaction of firms in order to derive equations that can be estimated. The proposed models novelty is its ability in arouseing information for both the significance and magnitude of the switching cost. It can also extract information on the transition probabilities of the customers. In order to illustrate the model was utilized to a panel of banks in order to estimate the switching costs of bank loans in the market. We have found that the grand come point estimate of switching costs is about 4.1%, and may be as low as 0.2% when only banks with the largest loan portfolio are include in the def inition of the market. When the market is defined according to the branch-network size the switching cost among the largest banks is about 2.1%. 23% of the customers added value is due to the phenomenon of lock in that is generated by the switching costs. As much as 35.0% of the banks market share is because of the bank-borrower relationship that is already established. The model estimates imply an average duration of bank-customer relationship of 13.5 years. All the above characteristics exhibit lower values for the group of larger banks whose loan portfolio is dominated by more mobile wholesale customers.To summarize, market bank loans switching costs are quite substantial and present a significant portion of the value of a marginal customer to the average firm. The presented technique may be applied to other markets in order to gain insight into the empirical regularity of switching costs.The major contribution from this study is that switching barriers affect significantly the level of customer retention, and also affect the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer retention. It does seem that switching costs could be used to predict consumers behaviour in the banking sector. Customer satisfaction has positive effects on the customer retention. Thus, manager may need to emphasize total satisfaction architectural plan in an attempt to retain customers in the competitive banking market.However, the moderating role of switching barriers in the relationship between customer satisfaction and retention is indicative that for low involvement services as credit services switching barriers may play a big role in customers retention programme. Managers therefore, essential significantly consider switching barriers and dimensions of customer satisfaction when making plans or focusing efforts in customer retention. The study attempts to differentiate the consequences of consumers behaviour in terms of exit and loyalty. However, the effect of switchin g barriers on consequence is significant only when customers consider to exit. One major area of future research is the role of government policy in creation and removal of switching barriers especially in a ontogeny parsimony where government participation is crucial.Besides the switching cost, customer lock-in is essentially driven by relationship lenders informational advantage compared to foreigner lenders. The researcher shows that higher switching cost, which can be thought to reflect greater concentration in local credit markets, does not necessarily lead to higher equipoise profits in relationship lending. Adverse selection problem curtails price competition when the switching cost is low by discouraging outsider banks to make too aggressive bids. Threat of uncomely selection gradually fades away as the insiders bank profits are reduced and the cost of switching banks increase.On the other hand, lack of competition starts to dominate for sufficiently high levels of swi tching cost, so that insider banks profits become increasing in this cost.The researchers finding runs counter to the Petersen-Rajan (1995) argument that competition is generally detrimental to relationship lending. The V-shaped pattern, however, is supported by recent empirical evidence in Elsas (2005) and, to some extent, in Kim et al. (2004). A clear tendency for a V-shaped relationship between availability of institutional debt and relationship lenders market power also arises in the empirical part of Petersen and Rajans (1995) own study. This is the case especially in the mob of firms older than five years. The reason why the similar tendency does not emerge in start-up financing is probably because insider lenders informational advantage is not very pronounced in that category. If the model is solved assuming sufficiently faulty private information by the insider lender infinitesimal switching cost (=intense competition) is shown to lead to low profits and no clear-cut V-sha ped relationship arises.The researcher also finds that allocation of financial resources is most efficient under intermediate market structures low switching cost tends to augment adverse selection problem, while some of the good loan applicants are left field without finance when the cost of switching banks is sufficiently high. However, if insider banks can invest in the accuracy of private information, the incentive to acquire information is stronger when the expected benefits from relationship lending are higher. Therefore more efficient information learnedness can potentially counterbalance the inefficiencies in resource allocation when the switching cost is either very low or high.According to our results, culture costs best explain sensed average costs, followed by perseveration costs. Lost costs do not significantly explain perceived average costs. This regression tells us that to obtain a strong perceived average cost, one variable with a significant impact is schoolin g costs. However, this variable is more difficult to manipulate. In addition, increasing learning costs may create induced loyalty, which would be perceived poorly. Clearly, making a financial institutions processes more complicated just to create barriers to leaving would not be a very good strategy.Continuity costs are a variable that financial institutions could control in order to get hold of desired loyalty. For example, loyalty programs would grant customers special privileges. Customers would be less likely to leave, for fear of losing these benefits. Non-monetary privileges such as the increased availability of a financial advisor or simply the fact that an advisor knows a customers pass water can increase the switching costs perceived by customers.Banks can make substantial profits in some peoples eyes they must also demonstrate transparency in their communications and position themselves as being in touch with their customers. They should not come across as cold business es that are only care for people with money. They should welcome customers warm and treat each one fairly, especially if they want to appeal to a younger population (18-30 years old). Younger customers should be treated in the same way and just as seriously as older customers.Switching costs have a minimal impact on loyalty even though, as we have observed, there is clearly a connection between perceived switching costs and loyalty. Nonetheless this variable is not a requirement in a loyalty strategy for young people.In summary, a loyalty program with special benefits for young people could be an effective part of a loyalty strategy, but financial institutions must first ensure that customers trust them and are contented with their products and services.This study also highlights the essential role of main bank power, measured by equity holdings, in enabling firms to change inside banks. Apparently, switching to a new bank which holds equity of the firm reduces the switching cost s. In addition, the researcher finds no evidence that main bank power has a material effect on firm performance, but it does affect the loan ratio by increasing the amount of credit with a term of one year or more.Banks with a high level of nonperforming loans are compelled to curtail lending due to their impaired financial health. In contrast, less capitalized banks are associated with higher loan ratio of their clients. Thus, the findings provide more provender for the debate over the potential for banks to structure clients balance sheets. It is worth noting that whether and in what amount loans will be made is crucially dependent on the banks characteristics (i.e., how much money does it have to lend), whereas interest rates (measured by interest payments) are determined by the borrowers creditworthiness.A core finding of this research is that firms perform worse after switching, which is in accordance with Degryse and Ongena (2001). Apparently, the firms that switch banks are seen as risky and, therefore, the new bank charges higher interest on the credit it grants. This is reasonable behavior on the part of banks as von Thadden (2004) argues that particularly low-quality firms are more likely to switch banks. It would be very interesting to discover how permanent this poorer performance is and to what extent bank health affects loan conditions.The issue of strong bank power implying high switching costs for firms is of great relevance to policymakers in that financial institutions tend to choose insufficient structures in the absence of sufficient competition and this situation can result in wealth redistribution in developing countries (Rajan, 2002). To guard against banks having excessive power, many developed countries set limits on the amount of equity a bank can hold in a single firm (Morck et al., 2000). This type of regulation is rare in uphill markets so far, making non-financial corporations quite susceptible to shocks generated in financial se ctor. peradventure the most interesting empirical regularity uncovered in this study is that banking crises are not accompanied by substantial declines in bank deposits relative to GDP. Thus, while depositor runs have played a central role in the theoretical literature on banking crises, in practice they seem to be a sideshow at best. A possible explanation is that munificent bank safety nets are present, and depositors have little to lose contempt widespread insolvency in the banking system. However, our bank-level analysis indicates that deposits do decline in weaker, less profitable banks, suggesting that depositors are actively and accurately monitoring financial institutions. If funds withdrawn are re-deposited in healthier banks, than the stability of aggregate deposits can be reconciled with the evidence of runs on weaker banks. This is an issue that deserves further study. For instance, if then large scale reallocations of deposits occur following banking crises, how is t he functioning of the financial system affected? Can the payment system, the interbank market, and the supply of credit continue to work smoothly?Bank financial distress, be it the result of illiquidity or insolvency, may help propagating adverse shocks to the real economy if it forces banks to curtail lending to creditworthy borrowers. Banking crises do not seem to be followed by prolonged recessions the subnormality in output harvest-festival is usually sharp but short-lived, with growth rates back to their pre-crisis levels in the second year after the crisis even though credit growth remains depressed. An open question for future research is how do firms finance the recovery in the immediate airstream of a banking crisis, and at what stage if any does the lack of bank credit become a hindrance to growth.The analysis of bank level data indicates that even healthier b

Tourism Today And Importance Of Front Office Tourism Essay

Tourism Today And Importance Of bowel movement Office Tourism EssayToday tranceism is one of the bounteousst and virtu e trulyy dynamic sectors, of the economy. It is growing at a fast pace, leading to bag growth, considerable, rule book of foreign currency inf blues, and impregnable job opportunities. So it affects conglome grade sectors of the economy, contri thating to the social and economic development of the countryas a whole. According to recent statistics, tourism provides intimately 10 per cent of the worlds in keep abreast and employs roughly one tenth of the worlds workforce. All considered, tourisms actual and potential economic stir is astounding.The hospitality application came into existence in order to accommodate holidaymakers.When thickenings amaze in a hotel and use the versatile serve and facilities provided by the hotel, they r arly think intimately the complexity of hotel trading operations. The smallest of their demands, want for a cup o f tea, requires coordination among a series of people. The hotel industry is a people-oriented industry. It is the effectiveness, efficiency, and courteous behaviour of the hotel employees that make a stopping patching pictorial matter on the clients total reckon.The lie duty subdivision of a hotel is the hub of lymph node activities. This discussion component part imagines later on the nodes inescapably-right from the booking of lives to receiving and registering thickenings, to charge elbow boards, to use lymph glands mails and messages, to presenting bills and settling knobs eyeshades at the prison term of assay-out. It is eventful for the campaign speckle provide to provide excellent and flawless operate to thickenings, as it goes a long way in creating an indelible image of the hotel.FRONT assurance GM AT WORK AND OTHER ACTIVITIESMost normal managers imagine on the performance of an outstanding bird-sc atomic number 18r government to help them tally their node improvement and profitability goals. The nominal head power and its manager(s) are creditworthy for, a variety of essential hotel do works.Because the fashions sold by a hotel are extremely perishable (an unsold board on a certain day is an eternal and unchangeable circumstance), it is very important that hotels do the best job possible in matching client agency availability with node means demand. Also, since it is not possible to change the soma of manners available to sell up or down on a daily basis due to the constructed fixed scrap of rooms, an important responsibility of the front all of a sudden letter is the sale of rooms at a rate that counsel feels will maximize revenue per available room. A well-managed and talented front billet will do this well.The making of node modestys is often the runner thing that comes to mind when considering the major functions of a front chest of drawers, and this is indeed an important and often complex medical exam prognosis of the front parts role. In addition to second-stringers, however, it falls upon the front office to in reality assign arriving guests to specific guest rooms and respond to their particular(prenominal) needs during their full stop put. These needs domiciliate include anything from carry-over and instruction to medical assistance. In all of these situations and much, the unwavering role of the front office is to make the guests stay as comfortable and as welcoming as possible.An essential aspect of the front office is its responsibility for collecting the revenue charged to guests for their rooms, eating digest meals, telephone calls, and a host of new(prenominal) hotel service. This path that the front office manager, working with the G.M. and controller, moldiness devise and administer revenue management systems that arrest guests are properly charged for the run they use and that the hotel fully collects all monies it has earned.Wh en forecasting room demand, accommodating guests, and collecting monies for operate rendered, the front office gene grade a large quantity of data, much of which are vituperative for management decision making. It is the role of the front office to collect, sort, and present these data in a way that assists in management decision making. As a G.M. my daily tasks poop be made much easier by the jut of an effective front office.OVERVIEW OF THE FRONT OFFICEThe front office sometimes referred to as the front desk, the front office usually controls much more than the activities occurring at the front desk. In a small, limited service hotel, the front office may consist, physically of only that area reserved for guest modification. In a larger property the front office may include several staff members, each responsible for a arrogate of the offices management or operation.Regardless of its sizing of it, the front office must be organized to manage its key tasks and areas of re sponsibility.TOURISM AND cordial reception GROWTH + economicalyTourism and hospitality, which are inextricably linked to each other, are amongthe major revenue-earning enterprises in the world. They happen to be amongthe top employers too. at that place has been an up market trend in tourism over thelast a couple of(prenominal) decades as strike has become quite common. People travel for logical argument, vacation, pleasure, adventure, or even medical treatment. The present-day tourist, who has higher levels of disposable income, international exposure, and handsome tastes, wants specialized meter readings of products and services, such(prenominal) as quieter resorts, family-oriented holi age, or commercialised message hotels. This has led to a demand for better quality products and services, mainly regarding accommodation and travelling, thus provide the gain of the hospitality industry as a whole.The developments in engineering science and transport infrastructure, suc h as jumbo jets, low-cost airlines, and more complaisant dromes have made tourism affordable and convenient. There have besides been changes in lifestyle-for example, now retiree-age people sustain tourism round the year. The gross revenue of tourism products on the Internet, besides the aggressive marketing of tour operators and travel agencies, have also give wayd to the growth of tourism.With several business-related activities associated with tourism, the industryhas a nasty potential of generating employment as well as earning foreign exchange. There are many countries in the world, such as Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji, and Caribbean, whose economies are earlier driven by tourism. Tourism can contribute to the economic growth of a country in the by-line waysEmployment extension It creates a large number of jobs among direct serviceproviders (such as, hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, tour operators, guide and tour escorts, etc.) and among indirect service p roviders (such as, suppliers to hotels and restaurants, supplementary accommodation, etc.).Infrastructure development Tourism spurs infrastructure development. In orderto become an important commercial or pleasure destination, any locationwould require all the required infrastructure, wish good connectivity via rail,road, and air transport, adequate accommodation, restaurants, a well-developed telecommunication net, and medical facilities, among others.Foreign exchange The people who travel to other countries spend a large amount of money on accommodation, transportation, visit, shopping, etc. Thus, an inbound tourist is an important source of foreign exchange for any country.HOTELS DEFINITION AND center of attention AREASThe term hotel was used for the first time by the fifth Duke of Devonshire to fix a lodging property in London sometime in AD 1760. The word hotel is derived from the French htel, which refers to a French version of townhouse. Historically in the United Kingd om, Ireland, and several other countries, a townhouse was the sign of the zodiac of a peer or an aristocrat in the capital or major cities.A hotel or an inn is defined by the British Law as a place where a bonafidetraveller can receive food and shelter, provided he is in a position to even up for itand is in a fit condition to be received. Hence, a hotel must provide food (andbeverage) and lodging to a traveller on payment, but the hotel has the right torefuse if the traveller is not presentable (either drunk, or disorderly, or unkempt)or is not in a position to pay for the services. Alternatively, a hotel may be defined as an establishment whose primary business is to provide lodging facilities to a genuine traveller along with food, beverage, and sometimes recreational facilities too on chargeable basis. Though there are other establishments such as hospitals, college hostels, prisons, and sanatoriums, which offer accommodation, they do not curtail as hotels since they do not c ater to the specific needs of a traveller.A hotel is thus an establishment that provides paid accommodation, generallyfor a short duration of stay. Hotels often provide a number of additional guestservices, such as restaurants, bar, swimming syndicate, healthcare, retail shopsbusiness facilities uniform assemblage halls, banquet halls, board rooms and space for private parties handle birthdays, marriages, muckle parties, etc. Most of the modemhotels nowadays provide the basic facilities in a room-a bed, a cupboard, a small table, weather control (air conditioner or heater), and sewer-along with other features wish a telephone with STD/ISD facility, a television set with line of reasoning channel, and broadband/Wi-Fi Internet connectivity. There might also be a mini-bar containing snacks and drinks (the consumption of the like is added to the guests bill), and tea and coffee making unit having an electrical kettle, cups, spoons, and sachets containing instant coffee, tea ba gs, sugar, and creamer.Areas of a Hotel An OverviewThe arrangement of a hotel today is very complex and comprises various discussion sections. The number of departments varies from one establishment to another. All departments may have their own managers, reporting to the general manager and the assistant general manager.The front office is where my principal research were held during this taskThis department is headed by the front office manager, the front office department is the operational department that is responsible for welcoming and registering guests, allocating rooms, and helping guests check out. Uniformed services like concierge and bell desk, and EPBAX operators are part of the front office department.-Hotels are commercial establishment that provide accommodation, meals and other guest services. In general, to be called a hotel, an establishment must have a minimum of six guests rooms, at least three of which must have attached private bathroom facilities.Although ho tels are classified into star categories, there is no standard order of assigning these ratings, and compliance with customary requirements is voluntary. An American hotel with certain rating, for example, may look very different from a European or Asian hotel with the like rating, and would provide a different level of amenities, range of facilities, and quality of service. Although hotel bonds assure uniform standards end-to-end, non-chain hotels (even within the same country) may not coincide on the same standards.In the travel and tourism industry, the hotel industry plays a very significant role, as all tourists need a place to stay at their destinations, and require many more services and facilities to subject their specific needs and tastes.FUNCTIONS (FRONT OFFICE)Front office is the first department of the hotel with which guests come in contact at the time of their reach and also the last department they interact with when they depart from the hotel. This department performs various functions like modesty, reception, registration, room assignment, and settlement of bills of a resident guest.This chapter is aimed at providing an understanding of the organization of thefront office department. Here, we will study the various sections of the front officeand their functions, the organization of the front office staff, and the qualities,attributes, duties and responsibilities of front office personnel.FUNCTION AREASThe front office personnel are mostly in direct contact with guests by dint ofouttheir stay. Guests contact the front desk to book a room check-in marvel activehotel services, facilities, and about the city or surrounding areas and finally, tosettle bills and check out from the hotel. Apart from these services, the front desk also provides services like handling guest mails and messages, maintaining guest accounts, paging guests (locating guests within the hotel), arranging travel services, and various other services as per the guests requirement.The front office is the contact point among the guest, management, and otherdepartments. It handles guests complaints, dispatches house care and engineering requests, prints and files reports, receives and answers phone calls, and sends and receives faxes. Thus, the front office personnel perform the avocation functionsSell hotel rooms to guests, which may be standard or deluxe rooms, executive or presidential suites, etc.Accept advance booking of hotel rooms through telephone, fax, e-mail,websites, etc. deliver and register guests when they arrive at the hotel and assign them rooms according to their preferences-smoking/non-smoking, pool view/ garden view/sea view, high floor/low floor, near the elevator/far from the elevator, etc.Maintain accurate room stance knowledge.Maintain guest accounts and monitor credit.Handle guests demands and complaints.Prepare account statements of guests.Settle bills at the time of check-out.Coordinate guest services like handling of guest mails and messages, locating guests within the hotel premises, connecting guest telephone calls, keeping guests valuables in safety deposit lockers, handling of room keys, making sundry(prenominal) payments on behalf of guests, and so on.Provide instruction about the hotels facilities and services, the city, important events, festivals and shows, and places of tourist interest.FRONT OFFICE LAYOUT-For the efficient and smooth functioning of a department, it is important to divide it in sections and delegate tasks accordingly.-The front office department is dual-lane in sections* second-stringer / Reception / Information desk / Cash and bills / travel desk / converse / Uniformed services (which include bell desk and concierge)-A well designed layout should want proper space utilization, aimed at improving the efficiency and control of the staff. The front desk should be set at a prominent place in the lobby for example.-the hotel lobby is an area furnished with seating arra ngements just internal the hotel, where hotel guests and their visitors can meet and wait.- rigid just beyond the entrance to the hotel, the lobby is the first and last point of guest contact with the hotel.-A well-appointed lobby creates an impression about the overall standard of the hotel in the eyes of the guests.RESERVATION bandage planning business or pleasure trips, people like to interpret that they will have a safe and comfortable accommodation at their respective destinations. This can be achieved by booking a room of their choice in advance..The reservation section of the front office department of a hotel is responsiblefor receiving and exerciseing reservation queries. Depending upon the level ofautomation, volume of business, and house customs, the procedure of processing reservation queries may differ from hotel to hotel in equipment casualty of reservations handling, maintenance of reservation put downs, confirmation, amendment, and cancellation of reservations. This section is headed by a reservation manager, who is assisted by a reservation supervisor and a police squad of reservation clerks or assistants.Layout of the Reservation SectionThe location of the reservation section depends upon the size of hotel and the volume of business of the hotel. In a very small hotel, the function of reservations can be performed by the front desk. In a large hotel, a bust section is needed, which should preferably be located rear end the reception counter and should have a communication door between the reception and reservation sections.Functions of the Reservation SectionThe following functions are performed by the reservation section-Receiving reservation requests through various means like telephone, fax,e-mail, websites, sales representatives, or central reservations department.-Processing reservation requests received from all means on the hotel propertymanagement system (PMS).-Depending upon the availability of desired room type and projected sales during and around the requested stay dates, the reservation, waitlisted, or denied.-Updating the room availability status after each reservation transaction, i.e., after each confirmation, amendment and cancellation.-Maintaining and updating reservation records to reflect accurate information about room status.-Preparing reservation reports for the management.RECEPTIONThis section of the front office receives and welcomes guests on their stretch in the hotel. It is headed by a supervisor and comprises a team of receptionists and front desk assistants. The personnel of this section procure all the necessary information about the guest to complete the registration process. After finishing the registration formalities, a room is assigned to the guest, and a bell boy carries the baggage and escorts the guest to her room. The entire process is carried out professionally in a warm and friendly atmosphere.Layout of the Reception SectionThe reception section is located in close prox imity to the entrance of the hotel. The layout of the section depends upon the size of the hotel and the volume of business generated by it. The front desk assistant carries out many tasks like receiving guests, registration, etc. hence, the reception area should be designed in such a way to assist the staff in performing their tasks efficiently and effectively. The front desk may be circular, L-shaped, curved, or straight depending upon the requirement.Functions of ReceptionThe following functions are performed by the reception section of hotel-Receiving and welcoming guests.-Completing the registration formalities.-Assigning the room.-Sending reach notification slips to the concerned departments.INFORMATION DESKAs the name suggests, the information desk provides information to guests. It ismanned by an information assistant. In a small hotel, the same function may beperformed by the receptionist. The need of a separate information desk is felt inlarge hotels where the traffic of guests is higher. The information desk may belocated next to the reception.Functions of Information DeskSome of the functions of the information desk are as under-Maintaining resident guest rack.-Handling guest room keys.-Coordinating guest mails, telegrams, faxes, couriers, parcels, etc.-Providing information to guests regarding hotel facilities and services, cityinformation, etc.-Handling guests messages.-Paging guests.CASH AND BILLSThe cash and bills section records all the monetary transactions of guests. It maintains guest folios and prepares the guest bills to be colonised by the guest at the time of qualifying. This section is headed by a cashier.Functions of the Cash and Bills SectionThis section performs the following tasks-Opening and maintaining of guest folios.-Posting room charges in guest folios.-Recording all credit charges in guest folios.-Maintaining a record of the cash received from guests.-Preparing bills at the time of check-out.-Receiving cash/travellers che ques/demand indite for account settlement.-Handling credit debit charge cards for the settlement of a guest account.-Organizing foreign currency exchange for the settlement of a guest account.Travel DeskThe travel desk takes care of travel arrangements of guests, like air-ticketing,railway reservations, sightseeing tours, airport or railway station pick up or drop,etc. The hotel may race the travel desk or it may be outsourced to an external travel agency.Functions of Travel deskThe travel desk performs the following tasks-Arranging pick-up and drop services for guests at the time of their arrivaland departure.-Providing vehicles on request to guests at pre-determined rates (chargedkilometre/hour wise and depend on the kind and size of vehicle used-premium cars, semi-luxury cars, coaches, mini vans, etc.)-Making travel arrangements like railway reservations/ cancellations/amendments, or purchasing air-tickets for guests.-Organizing half-day or full-day sightseeing tours in and aro und the city.-Arranging for guides who can glide by in the guests language.COMMUNICATION SECTIONThe communication section maintains the communication network of the hotel,which is generally quite complex. The hotel may have its own private legexchange (PBX), along with post and telegraph lines. Earlier all outdo callswere routed through the telephone operator. This was done to go over properaccounting of extrovertive calls. Switchboard operators were required to place wake- up calls, monitor automated systems, and orchestrate emergency communications.Recent technological advancement in telecommunications has revolutionized the way hotels operations are run. Now guests are able to make outgoing calls without routing them through the operator. There is a computerized call accounting system that charges the outgoing calls to the guests account. Wake-up calls may also be registered on the system, which dials the guests extension at the pre-registered time and plays a pre-recorded message when answered. So hotels can now manage with lesser number of telephone operators per shift. The telephone operators, who answer designate(postnominal) calls, protect the guests privacy and contribute to the hotels security programme by not revealing guest room numbers to any unauthorized person. Many hotels also provide guest paging services over the public address system. These systems generally operate through the communications section.Functions of Communication DeskThe duties of the telephone operator include-Answering incoming calls.-Directing calls to guest rooms through the switchboard/PABX system.-Providing information on guest services.-Processing guest wake-up calls.-Answering inquiries about hotel facilities and events.-Protecting guests privacy.-Coordinating emergency communication..UNIFORMED SERVICESThe uniformed services in the hotel include the bell desk team and the concierge.Bell DeskThe bell desk is located very close to the main entrance of the hotel. Th is section is headed by a bell captain, who leads a team of bell boys (also called bellhops) and page boys. They handle the guest baggage from the guest vehicle to the lobby and to guest rooms at the time of arrival and from their rooms to the guest vehicle at the time of departure. They escort guests to their rooms and familiarize them with hotel facilities, safety features, as well as in-room facilities.The bell desk person is the last front desk employee who comes in contact with guests at the time of their departure.Functions of bell deskThe bell desk is responsible for the following tasks-Handling guest luggage at the time of arrival and departure-Escorting guests to their rooms on arrival.-Familiarizing guests about safety features and in-room facilities.-Providing information to guests about hotel facilities and services when asked.-Locating a guest in a specified area of the hotel.-Posting guest mails.-Making sundry purchases like pestle stamps, medicine etc. for the guest .-Keeping guest luggage in the left luggage room if requested by the guest. -Checking if in-room amenities are in their maestro condition at the time of departure of guests.CONCIERGEA concierge is a hotel employee who provides information and personalized services to guests like dinner reservations, tour and travel arrangements,and obtaining tickets for special events in the city, etc. A concierge is often expected to achieve the impossible, dealing with any request a guest may have, relying on an considerable list of personal contacts with various local merchants and service providers. The concept of concierges came from the days of European purplety the concierge was the castle doorkeeper in those times. His duty was to ensure that all castle occupants were safe in their rooms at night. When the royal families travelled, they often took their concierges with them for security and for making food and lodging arrangements. As the hotel industry grew, concierges became a part of the hotel staff to provide personalized services to hotel guests.Functions of conciergeThe concierge provides the following services to guests-Making reservations for dining in famous restaurants.-Obtaining tickets for theatres, musicals, sporting events, etc.-Arranging for transportation by limousine, car, coaches, buses, airplanes,or trains.-Providing information on cultural and social events like photo exhibitions, artshows, and local places of tourist interest.++++++++++++++++++++++GUEST CYCLEThe guests of a hotel have four main stages interaction with the hotel at pre-arrival / arrival / stay / departure. All guests go through the same procedure as they pass from reservation to arrival and allotment of rooms, to their stay in the hotel, to the settlement of their bills and departure from the hotel, these various stages of activities constitute the guest cycle.PRE-ARRIVALThe interaction between a guest and a hotel before the guest arrives at the hotel forms the pre-arrival ph ase of the guest cycle. Reservation is the most important pre-arrival activity. During this phase, the guest first selects a hotel for stay.The guests choice about a particular hotel is affected by factors. Like advertisements, recommendations from family and friends, previous experience with the hotel, reputation, location, contractual treaty with the hotel, etc. erstwhile a hotel has been chosen, the guest or a person designated by him (who could be his secretary or pardner or a travel agent) contacts the selected hotel through telephone, e- mail, or fax for reserving a room for the period of his proposed stay.The reservation request is received by the reservation staff, whose efficiency andcompetence in handling the request creates a good first impression of the hotel inthe mind of the guest.Before confirming a reservation, the hotel may ask for a credit card guaranteeor an advance deposit from the guest. In case of high occupancy periods, guestsare requested to pay retention charges. This is to ensure minimum loss to the hotelin case of any last moment cancellations or no shows. Once the retention chargeshave been paid, the room is reserved or blocked for the guest for the requiredstay dates. The hotel also makes note of any special arrangements to be made, like a wheelchair and a barrier free room airport or railway station transfers an extra bed or jigger in the room etc.Thus the functions of the front office in the pre-arrival phase includeProcessing the reservation request of the guest.Creation of guest folio (in case the hotel has received any advance payment).Blocking the room for the guest.Making special arrangements for the guest (if required).The data collected during the process of reservation can be utilized in future frontoffice and sales activities. A well-managed reservation system can maximize theroom sales and revenue by constantly monitoring the room status and forecastingthe room revenue.ARRIVALGuests have their first face-to-face int eraction with the hotel staff on their arrival atthe hotel. This is a very critical stage as guests form an opinion about the standardsand services that the hotel can provide to them. During this phase, guests are greeted by the front desk staff and the registration process begins. The guests are asked to verify the expatiate printed in the registration card these details are generated from the information received in the pre-arrival stage.The registration activity is an agreement between the hotel and the guest, whereby the hotel offers the accommodation product and services to the guest, and the guest agrees to pay for the services received. A hotel might pre-register guests (i.e., register guests before their arrival) like VIPs, groups, airline crews, and habitual guests.Once the guests have been registered with the hotel, they are assigned a room at the negotiated room rate. The guest is then shown to their room and their luggage is brought to the room by the bell desk. If an y mails or messages have arrived at thehotel before the arrival of the guest, they are given to her.Thus the functions of the front office on the arrival of a guest include-Reception and welcome of the guest-Registration of the guest-Room rate and room assignment to the guest.-Handing over the room key to the guest.-Luggage handling of the guest by bell desk.-Delivering the mails and messages that the hotel has received on behalf ofthe guest.The front office staff maintains lists of expected arrivals and departures on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis. They keep updating these lists, along with the arrival and departure details, and keep the other departments informed of any changes in the schedule of guests. This is very essential to provide a flawless service to guests and to avoid embarrassing situations like not arranging for the pick-up of a guest, or not having the room ready in time and making the guest wait for it.STAYDuring this stage the guest gets a first-hand experience of the facilities and servicesoffered by the hotel. These services and facilities are the most important part of a guests overall experience at a hotel. An excellent level of services would lead to the satisfaction of the guest, which would make him, come back to the hotel and give arbitrary feedback to other potential customers.The front office is the interface between the guest and the other departments of the hotel, so it must coordinate well

Reliability And Validity Assessment

Reliability And Validity AssessmentWhat forms of reliableness and severeness do Grogan et al. (2000) establish for their patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ) handbill? soon (one paragraph from each one) review the forms ceremonious.1) Grogan et al.s (2000) chose an internal dependableness to nonice for the amity or inconsistency of their inter-subscales. They performed Cronbachs alpha abbreviation to nib the correlation of each subscales on the general satisfaction subscale. The resolvings showed a mettlesome level of correlation co efficient, which pad between .74-.95, indicating that the subscales argon internally reliable. Using internal reliability (Cronbachs alpha) is efficient and most widely employ, however, the ex rackion of its outgrowth could notwithstanding be in equipment casualty of consistency and inconsistency. Moreover, the Cronbachs alpha allows items to be discarded from the analysis tho to get a better alpha revalue (Vehkalnti, 2004). Furthe rmore, the bounty result showed a strong alpha value of doctor subscale (.95), therefore, it is reasonable to discharge doctor subscale from the five-factor public, since it is very similar to the general satisfaction subscale.2) Grogan et al. (2000) chose an internal hardihood way of assessment (focusing on the inference from the ca single-valued function and effect of a variable on another variable). Grogan et al. used a construct stiffness test by using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the Pearsons yield moment correlation (PPMC), and the Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA). The CFA was used to identify the approximate familiarity of the 40 items to fit on the appropriate factor of the five-factor model (doctors, nurses, access, appointments, and facilities), which was suggested to body patients satisfaction. The result showed a low value of measure and high value of non-normed fit index (NNFI), which indicated that the items were having a honourable fit with the five- factor model. The PPMC test was used to look at the correlation of the subscale on the general satisfaction subscale. The result showed a positive signifi backt correlation, which means ANOVA was used to equivalence the five antithetic subgroups (patients divided according to age) on the 46-items satisfaction scores. The results showed a operative difference of age group, with a greater satisfaction of sr. patients on the help provision, than younger patients. Construct daring is widely use because its relevant and clear beats, but the present study did not measure a low correlation scores of items to indicate that the items were irrelevant. Moreover, construct boldness is also subjective (in terms of judging the items, where the researchers believe that the items measure what they estimate to measure).Also briefly review other forms that might be established and how this might be achieved.1) Test-retest reliability might be another good way to test for reliability of items measurements. This can be done by giving the questionnaire to the same respondents (patients) at diverse occasions, preferably three months subsequently the initial test (Kline, 1993). The correlation of scores between the two tests can be compared. If the correlation coefficient is high, this means that the questionnaire (the subscale items) are reliable and consistence. This can be done by analysing the Cronbachs alpha value, which needs to be greater than .70 to be reliable but not greater than 1 (preferably not greater than .95). Moreover, test-retest should not only be carried out to the patients who had full respondent order but also to those who had partially respondent rates (17% of the patients), just to check the presence of any specific group of patients that might think the questionnaire was not reliable to them.2) Alternate-form of reliability can be used to assess reliability of the items, which can be done by using a different wording for each of the items (but ha ving the same meaning) to measure the patients satisfaction based on the five-factor dimensions. According to Litwin (1995), the items created should not be identical but similar to each other, and the test should be his should be given to the same patients at different times. The correlation between their scores will show the reliability of the measurement of the questionnaire. By looking at Cronbachs alpha, high correlation of the items indicates high consistency of measurement.3) Interobserver reliability is a method that can be used to mold how well the inter-subscale is (Litwin, 1995), which measures how the five-factor domains agree with the 46-items questionnaire, by allow the professionals from each domains (such as the doctors, nurse, throng who responsible for the environment factor, people responsible for the access factor, and people who are responsible to provide the facilities) to answer the questionnaire to assess their own satisfaction of the service provision. The data can be analysed by using Pearsons correlation to pay off out the correlation coefficient of the items and the satisfaction. High correlation indicates higher reliability of the subscale.4) immaterial ways of assessing the validity would be good to mentioned, in which the inter-subscale can be generalized across different patients, places and times. This can be achieved by doing a sampling model and proximal similarity model approaches, in which the questionnaire is for the first time distributed to a sample population, then to its nearby population, and lastly to the outside population. The analysis of scores from these populations can be done by using ANOVA, and the significant correlation can be revealed. If their correlation is significant (p 5) Criterion validity is a good way of analysing the researchs validity as poor measuring tests would lead to inefficient technique of measurement. It has two major forms predictive validity and co-occurrent validity. The predicti ve validity can be applied to arrest out how well the service of general practitioners could predict the patients satisfaction in the future. This can be done by asking the five domain factors (doctors, nurses, etc) and the patients to fill in the questionnaire separately. Then, the scores will be calculated by factor analysis (CFA) to see if the domain factors fit with five-factor model and by the PPMC to see the correlation on satisfaction. If the domains score fits with the model and have high correlation coefficient, this could predict that the patients score would also be similar. In contrast, concurrent validity cannot be applied because it could not be compared to the gold-standard questionnaire of patients satisfaction as it was none.6) Content validity can be addressed in terms of finding how adequate the items are to reflect its domain. This can be examined by using CFA, in which it is to find the proximate bopledge of the items adequacy (i.e. to know which specific five -factor domain was the item belongs to).7) Method bias to measure the present of any biased items in the questionnaire. This can be done by using logistic regression. The items are considered to be biased if they have characteristics that only allow the respondent to give a certain answers, bias to the read of the study.REFERENCESCarmines, E. G. Richard, A. Z. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. London Sage.Grogan, S., Conner, M., Norman, P., Porter, I. (2000). Validation of a questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with general practitioner services. Quality in Health Care, 9, 210-215.Kane, T. M. (2001). underway concerns in validity theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 38(4), 319-342.Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioural research. London Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction. New York Methuen.Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. New York Routledge.Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. London Sage.Loewenthal, K. M. (2001). An introduction to psychological tests and scales. Hove Psychology press .Rubin, H. R., Gandek, B., Rogers, W. H. (1993. Patients ratings of outpatient visits in different practice settings Results from the medical outcomes study. Journal of the American medical checkup Association, 270, 835-840.Vehkalahti, K. (2000) Reliability of Measurement Scales. Retrived November 18, 2009, fromhttp//ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/tilas/vk/vehkalahti/

Russias Role in World War One

Russias Role in homo struggle OneRyan BaccusRussia played a strong role in ww1 Until the agreement of Brest-litovsk removed the from ww1 and allowed them to focus on the russian revolution. WW1 affected russia in more ways than one. The Russian Empires many ethnic minorities grew increasingly jolting under Russian domination. But it was the g everyplacenments inefficient prosecution of existence fight I that finally provided the challenge the old regime could not meet. .Russias gracious fights were affected by foreign troops The civil war was confused by Allied intervention in Russia. British, French, and American forces occupied (Mar., 1918) Murmansk and later(prenominal) Arkhangelsk with the stated purpose of protecting Allied stores ( seek in Context.com ) most 15 million served in the Russian troops during the First World war. Casualties totalled an estimated 1.8 million killed, 2.8 million wounded and 2.4 million taken prisoner.The Russian vicissitude eliminated R ussia as an effective participant in the war, Although the Austro-Hungarians were unsuccessful in their attacks on Serbia and Montenegro in the first year of the war. Russia ordered a general mobilization of its armies. The next day Germany sent the tsar an ultimatum threatening war if Russia didnt gimmick the mobilization within twenty-four hours. When Russia refused, on August 1, Germany declared war on Russia. Germany followed this up with an invasion of Belgium. (Research in Context.com)When World war I broke out in 1914, most elements of Russia (except the Bolsheviks) united in encouraging the war effort. However, the repeated military reverses, the acute food shortages, the appointment of ill at ease(p) ministers, and the intense suffering of the civilian population created a revolutionary mood by the end of 1916.The first sickening Russia launched was in August 1914, against Germany in East Prussia. The Russian First Army (commanded by Rennenkampf) aimed straight into t he nerve center of East Prussia (held by the German 8th Army), while the Russian foster Army (commanded by Samsonov) aimed to cut onward the Eighth armys line of retreat. once Eastern Prussia was Scure, the Russian Ministry of War mean to march on Berlin.On the bang of the First World War General Alexander Samsonov was precondition command of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia. He advanced slowly into the south western corner of the province with the spirit of linking up with General Paul von Rennenkampf advancing from the north east.The first offensive Russia launched was in August 1914, against Germany in East Prussia. The Russian First Army (commanded by Rennenkampf) aimed straight into the heart of East Prussia (held by the German Eighth Army), while the Russian Second Army (commanded by Samsonov) aimed to cut off the Eighth armys line of retreat. Once Eastern Prussia was Scure, the Russian Ministry of War planned to march on Berlin.Russia entered the first world war with the largest army in the world, standing at 1,400,000 soldiers when fully mobilized the Russian army expanded to over 5,000,000 soldiers (though at the outset of war Russia could not arm all its soldiers, having a supply of 4.6 million rifles). agreement of (brst-ltfsk), separate peace treaty in World War I, sign by Soviet Russia and the important Powers, Mar. 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest , Belarus)..After the separate armistice of Dec. 5, 1917, long, bitter negotiations were conducted by Leon Trotsky for Russia, Richard von Khlmann for Germany, and wait Ottokar Czernin for Austria-Hungary (the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were also represented).On March 3, 1918, in the city of Brest-Litovsk, located in modern-day Belarus near the Polish border, Russia signed a treaty with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria) ending its participation in World War I (1914-18).With the November 11, 1918, armistice ending World War I and marking the Allies victory over Germany, the treaty was annulled. By the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to give up its territorial gains from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.After the separate armistice of Dec. 5, 1917, long, bitter negotiations were conducted by Leon Trotsky for Russia, Richard von Khlmann for Germany, and Count Ottokar Czernin for Austria-Hungary (the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were also represented). Trotsky at one point hang up negotiations, but Germany resumed warfare and the Soviets-on the insistence of Lenin-accepted the GermanWorks CitedBrest-Litovsk, Treaty of. The capital of South Carolina electronic cyclopaedia. New York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.Gottfried, Tod. Chapter Six Mother Russias Dying Sons.. Road to Communism. US Lerner Group, 2002. 67. register fictitious character Center. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. ISBN 9780761325574 Lexile Rank 940 Source of Data R Full textual matter Availabl e 9150105 The chapter describes the involvement of Russia in World War I. The saber frosty of Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, who made no secret of his schemes for military conquest, had put Great Britain, France and Russia on alert for at least seven years preceding the outbreak of war. In September 1914, with the war barely a month old, a Russian army had tried to invade Prussia, Germany and suffered a major spank at the Battle of Tannenberg and lost 100,000 soldiers. news report Today 58.3 (2008) 12. History Reference Center. Web.History.com Staff. Treaties of Brest-Litovsk. History.com. AE Television Networks, 2009. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.(emailprotected), John Simkin. Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.Russian Revolution. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. New York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.Russian Revolution. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. New York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Rese arch in Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2017.Russian Revolution of 1917. Britannica School, Encyclopdia Britannica, 26 Oct. 2011. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Russian-Revolution-of-1917/64488. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017.Russia. Britannica School, Encyclopdia Britannica, 19 Aug. 2016. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/109504. Accessed 30 Jan. 2017.Smele, Jonathan, DR. BBC History World Wars War and Revolution in Russia 1914 1921. BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.Solntseva, Svetlana A. Russian Studies in History 51.4 (2013) 50-73. History Reference Center. Web.Solntseva, Svetlana A. Russian Studies in History 51.4 (2013) 50-73. History Reference Center. Web.Vladimir Lenin. UXL Biographies. Detroit UXL, 2011. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.World War I. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. New York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2017.World War I. Britannica School, Encyclopdia Britannica, 9 Dec. 2016. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/World-War -I/110198. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017.WWI Russia. Glossary of Events WWI Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.

Comparing and Contrasting the Sublime Essay -- Williams Shelley Trave

Comparing and Contrasting the Sublime What can be give tongue to about the princely? Class discussion led to the definition of sublime as the element found in go bad literature that is unexplainable. It is that component part of travel literature where the writer is in awe of his or her surroundings, where genius can be dangerous or where nature reminds a humankind being of their mortality. The term sublime has been applied to travel texts studied in class and it is hard not to compare the sublime from texts earlier in the term to the texts in the later part of the term. Two texts that can be compared in terms of the sublime are A Tour in Switzerland by Helen Williams and History of a Six Weeks Tour by bloody shame Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley. There are similarities and differences found in both texts concerning individual perspectives of travel and the sublime. The main focus of this commentary will be compare and separate the perspectives of Williams and Shelley within their respective texts, the language of the sublime and the descriptions of the sublime. Both Shelley and Williams write from a personal perspective. Both travel to and make observations on the area that interests them. Williams travels to Switzerland opus Shelley travels through Geneva to Chamonix. In the introduction of Williamss text she immediately reveals the curtilage why she wishes to visit Switzerland while Shelley assumes that the reader recognizes that he is a traveler who wants to go from point A to point B. Williamss introduction reveals that she has already woolgather about what it would be like to visit Switzerland and she shares with her readers that I am going to compliments upon images of nature images of which the idea has so often swelled my imagination, but whic... ...ering more(prenominal) leeway to recogniseing the sublime. On a more personal note, comparing how Williams and Shelley write about the sublime has made the idea more shit in my mind on how to approach readings that contain the sublime, it is much easier to understand and furthermore, it offers more than one way of looking for and at the sublime. Works cited Extracts from The Shelleys at Chamonix1816. Mary Shelley and P. B. Shelley History of a Six Weeks Tour. capital of the United Kingdom T. Hookham, 1817. Romanticism The CD-ROM. Ed. By David Miall and Duncan Wu. Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1997. Williams, Helen Maria. A Tour in Switzerland or, A view of the present disk operating system of the Government and Manners of those Cantons with comparative sketches of the present state of Paris. 2 Vols. London G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798. http//www.ualberta.ca/dmiall/Travel/Coxe-Williams.htm.

Women as Societies Change Agents During the 1950s Polio Epidemic Essa

The 1950s represented the cold war era, symbolized by the red scar, anti-communism, potency nuclear war, and McCarthyism. Patriotic loyalty was stressed, any citizen who spoke out against the US government policies was labeled a communist and was often black listed and adjust under surveillance. The sensationalized conviction and execution of the Rosenbergs for spying, jeopardized our countries national security and reinforced anti-communism propaganda. Moreover, students practice emergency ducking under their desk drills to prepare for a nuclear side effect and families purchased bomb shelter for protection. The hyper-vigilance, fear, paranoia, and post traumatic stress that permeated our countrys landscape of existence under siege, intensified with the acute anterior poliomyelitis epidemic. Verbally expressing the word POLIO brings forrad anxiety, trepidation, and thoughts of mortality, crippled bodies, and iron lungs. Once the initial shock wears off that you-- in fact, h ave the disease than the fight for your life begins. This highly contagious disorder was passed by close contact and through fecal matter, despite change sanitation practices. Unfortunately, many poor and middle class families contracted this viral disease, which rapidly destroyed motor-neurons to arms, legs, and diaphragm muscles. Ironically,improved sanitation practices were blamed for this delayed childishness disease. Younger breastfeeding children received maternal antibodies whereas older children did not have this homogeneous immune advantage. Sadly, children under fifteen years old, experienced the highest rates of spying this malady. Adults also experienced severe poliomyelitis complications rendering them total portion out or requiring the iron lung to perform their br... ...ine, restricting community activities, discouraging alter among all socioeconomic classes at the pools, theaters, and camps, good hygiene, sanitation practices and effective handwashing techniques. whole caboodle CitedBIBLOGRAPHY1. Naomi Rogers, Dirt and Disease infantile paralysis before FDR (New Brunswick, N.J. Rutgers University Press, 1992). 2. Wilson, D.J. A Crippling worship Experiencing Polio in the Era of FDR Bulletin of the History of Medicine 72.3 (1998) 464-495. 3. Oshinsky, D. M. Polio An American Story oxford university press (2005) 350 4. Foertsch, J. Bracing accounts, the literature and culture of polio in postwar america. Associated university press (2008) 223. 5. Bocker, A. and Brandt, V. Living in fear atomic number 10 wisconsins polio epidemics. Voyager Winter/Spring (2007) 10-25.

Brown v. Board of Education v. Today :: Comparative Essays Papers

cook v. menu of Education v. Today Whenever I walk into Foellinger Auditorium, its usually to attend my econ lecture, only if this time is different. Im not going to listen to a lecture about how the economy works, simply instead to listen to a family that caused the nation to rethink the educational system. The storied brownness family was going to give a talk about the storied case that carried their name and forever put them in history. The Brown v. Board of Education decision eliminated segregation in public schools, an injustice that so many African-Americans fought to end not only in public schools, but also public places. The Brown v. Board of Education decision was a step into the future where African-American and Caucasians could intermingle rather than be isolated just because of race. Segregation in the early 50s had eventually reached the end of its journey and a new law was made to inhibition segregation and promote integration.Walking into the auditorium, conversations about the excitement of the Brown sisters large a talk about the historical decision, politics, sports, and other everyday conversations could be heard. The auditorium fill up with people of different ethnic groups, mainly Caucasians but several(prenominal) African-Americans came to hear the true story behind Brown v. Board of Education. I would have to say about 60 percent of the people were Caucasians, 25 percent African-Americans and the other 15 percent were either Asians or Hispanics. pot of all ages came to hear what the Brown sisters had to say some as green as the age of seven and some as old as in their late 60s. Children, undergrad students, grad students, professors, as salubrious as people with other professions filled the auditorium, with undergrad students making up most of the people who attended. However, the auditorium was not full or as filled as one would expect knowing that the Brown family was going to establish the Brown v. Board of Education decision, a disappointing reality.The long await talk finally started a few minutes after four. Susan Fowler, co-chairman of the Brown v. Board commemoration, started by introducing the ten winning students who wrote to Linda Brown expressing their feelings about the Brown v. Board trial and decision. She then talked about how Project 500, established in 1968, recruited African-American students to the University of Illinois campus as a way to make the campus more diverse project 500 was a direct result of Brown v.

Constructivism :: Learning Education Learn Essays

ConstructivismMissing deeds citedDefinitions and Comparisons of Constructivism Constructivism is a defined, when referring to the learner, as a receptive act that involves construction of sensitiveborn meaning by learners within the context of their current knowledge, previous experience, and affable environment (Bloom Perlmutter & Burrell, 1999). Also, real life experiences and previous knowledge are the stepping stones to a constructivism, learning atmosphere. (Spigner-Littles & Anderson, 1999). Constructivism involves the learner being responsible for learning the material and, non necessarily, the teacher (Ely Foley Freeman & Scheel, 1995). When learning occurs, the goals, values, and beliefs of the individuals need to be linked to the new data. Also, in constructivism, the person, who is taking in the knowledge, can somehow filter, amend, and reformat the information that he or she feels is important to the schema (Spigner-Littles & Anderson, 1999). A constructivist lear ner subroutines the creative draw close to apply their own meaning to a topic using the kind and cognitive circumstances around themselves (Bloom Perlmutter & Burrell, 1999). A short and sweet compendium of constructivism is how one attains, develops, and uses cognitive processes (Airasian & Walsh, 1997).Constructivism versus Traditionalism There are methods that are considered really different than constructivism that are used in the classroom. One of the barbeles is the traditional approach where the teacher teaches the information to the student, and the student does not contribute as much or convey the prior knowledge of the material during instruction (Airasian & Walsh, 1997). It has been verbalise that traditional teaching can segregate students, especially ones with special needs, in the classroom (Bloom Perlmutter& Burrell, 1999). In early(a) words, traditional instruction is a more(prenominal) teacher-centered approach that uses rote, fact based learning. The t eachers create the values, behaviors, and beliefs for the students. The teacher is in raze of the classroom, where they have rewards and consequences, and the students work mostly by themselves (this is very different that the constructivist classroom, which willing be explained) (Windschitl, 1999). Characteristics and Roles in a Constructivist Classroom There are legion(predicate) specific cheeks of constructivism when relating it to the classroom and the learner, at whatever age. As mentioned before, the social aspect of constructivism is important in the classroom. The socialization and interaction are an essential helping of the classroom. It is in a constructivism classroom where a child can use his or her social activity to be influenced or influence other students beliefs and values.

Crafting a Research Study Outline Essays -- Research Management

The title of my research simulation is primaeval childishness caries and the effectuate on childlike childrens emotional well-being. This study will rise how maternal(p) perception of proterozoic childhood caries impacts young childrens emotional well- being. The overall goal of this study is to identify barriers to treatment of early childhood caries in preschoolers. In addition, the study will signalize the 1) prevalence of ECC in a preschool population, 2) parent oral wellness knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors, and 3) the impact that early childhood caries have on young childrens prime(prenominal) of life.Early childhood caries (ECC) has been defined as the presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), wanting(p) (due to caries), or filled tooth surface on any primary tooth in children up to 71 months of age (Hallett & ORourke, 2003) . Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is currently defined by American Association of pediatric Dentist ry (AAPD) as any sign of decay on fine-tune tooth surfaces in children younger than 3 years of age, or, in children aged 3 to 5 years, carious involvement of one or more reflect surfaces of the upper front teeth (Virdi, Bajaj, & Kumar, 2010). Early childhood caries was in the beginning called baby bottle tooth decay. There are several factors which contribute the progression of ECC. Factors such as dietary practices, familial socioeconomic background, lack of parental education over dental hygiene and lack of access to qualified dental care attribute to the widespread prevalence of ECC (Virdi, Bajaj, & Kumar, 2010). Early childhood caries have become the most prevalent preventable childhood disease. Oral health status is related to the overall quality of life for children. The impact of untreated ... ...ing Early Childhood Research world-wide Perspectives on Theory & Practice (2 ed.). New York Mc Graw Hill.Ryan, K. J., Brady, J. V., Cooke, R. E., Height, D. I., Jonsen, A. R., King, P., et al. (1979, April 18). The Belmont Report ethical Principles and Guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Retrieved June 25, 2011, from National Institute of Health http//ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/belmont.htmlgob3Tinanoff, N., & Reisine, S. (2009). Update on Early Childhood Caries Since the Surgeon Generals Report. Academic Pediatrics, 9(6), 396-403.Virdi, M., Bajaj, N., & Kumar, A. (2010, September 07). prevalence of Severe Early Childhood Caries in Pre-School Children in Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India. The internet Journal of Epidemiology, 8(2).Whiting, L., & Forbes, J. (2009, June). Research involving children. Paediatric Nursing, 21(5), 32-36.