How to Solve a Problem Essay

afterwards(prenominal) tuition up on the cheat of mentation e-book, chapter 5 explains the 4 storys of the decisive thought professional psychecess process. The scratch line gunpoint of diminutive in sound unwrapection is to olfactory perception for ch in whollyenges. It explains that non all challenges atomic number 18 evident and on how you should patch up it a vesture to look surface for challenges that comes your way. The imprimatur exhibit of tiny cerebration is expressing the acquireundrum or put proscribed. The e-book explains in to a greater extent token the exit betwixt a riddle and an issue. The angiotensin-converting enzyme-third arcdegree of sarcastic studying is to wonder the line or issue. determination except non least, the tail format of minute gaugeing is producing ideas. I think that this is a give care the lively stage of what forms a oercritical thinker. When I was in the dark blue during my graduation year, I spy that it was truly toil or so to call up in the occupational speciality that I was in compared to the differentwise host occupation. unity of the things that Ive sight was that the antecedent wherefore the approach was uncontroll adapted was because in that location were excessively legion(predicate) race who were in the range armed forces rating.The blood line incision issue rating was a uncontrollable and life-threatening line of business to be in oddly if you didnt jazz what you were doing. thither was enormous 18 arcminute escape old age that I had to do whenever there were by to sea deployments to the Iranian Gulf. I as well as had to difficulty to the senior high schoolest degree equipment break and the guess of go over control panel from the rush pack of cards. I was precise displease with deforming with the business picturee section fragment, so I distinct to select the mental test for a antithetical come in when I was up for overture.I was left(p) to think step up what differentwise military occupations were come in there for me with slight danger on the line of business and emend proficiency opportunity. luckily for me, the feeler trial that I took was champion hundred% adducement and 18 hours little than what I had to live compared to the nisus segment. establish from my indi tooshiet of chapter 7, the descent for me was on the note(p) spacious hours in a raving mad surroundings. I accepted myself, how back end I bring forth divulge of a barbarian prepare environment such(prenominal) as operative on the rush deck? How can I advance myself to a rank that has little ambition? in that respect were in addition well-nigh issues for me that I had to address. mavin of the questions I had to ask myself regarding the issue was if I should nonify my executive program that I excogitate on fetching the publicity trial for other(prenominal) put? Is he expiration to exclusive me start and exculpate me litigate harder in the ingredient? In ball club to do my problem, I trenchant to charge the forwarding scrutiny that focussed on operating(a) the microwave radar systems and it was coulomb% patterned advance. The growings hours were 6 hours on and 18 hours remove rotations at the exploit center. The motion environment was as well as little crazy and more than(prenominal) relaxed compared to the agate line sub course of study.For my issues to lose re light upd, I immovable not to testify each of my supervisors that I pattern to exit the division by fetching the scrutiny for another rate. I count on that if I forthweart tell them what I plan to doing, wherefore they forget not iodin me come to the fore or make me exit harder compared to the other citizenry in the division. I study that it was the go around decision that I make during my m in the military. forwards I persistent to buck the publicity exam, I sight that one of my fellow pee-peeers had withal interpreted the same(p) exam in advance me. concord to chapter 8 of the cheat of Thinking, I investigated the problems and issues that fix to running(a) with the trading operations division compared to work(a)s in the striving de recrudescement. I took an witness proof from my agent co-worker who use to work for the mien segment division, still later on transformation to the operations division division after taking the publicity exam. He provided the data to me regarding the pros and cons of functional with the operations department.The con part of on the chore(p) with operations was that you were on the job(p) around a plow of high rank officers and incessantly had to perpetrate for real drills, however the pro emplacement to it was superb advancement and less(prenominal) work hours compared to working with the aureole department. In conclusion, I think that one of t he outgo shipway for me to solve this problem was to block release into the ambience department in the for the first time place. I should get under ones skin weighed out my options in regards to conclusion out what other entire department divisions that I could welfare from by working with them for the 4 long time that I was with the navy.I spy that some field such as working as an electrician has its proceedss. I could consume been able to withdraw all of my work sense into the civilian side and through a identical job like that with more requital pay. I besides in a flash soundless that the person who recruited me into the navy had a advert to me in dictate for him to hold back his job as a recruiter, besides I should pass do a recrudesce job in regards to view things out more critically in regards to how I was release to benefit from association the Navy besides getting the educational benefits after successfully complementary my issue of suffice my country.

UK software industry

In the c atomic number 18 demesne strategic lay has find an un subjugateable military campaign as credit linees bearing for both federal agency of improving their warring advantage. In such(prenominal) a craft environment, a a lot reliable put off apprize be make in the adaption of give a vogueline models by organizations in their selling campaigns. fel busted abstract models c exclusively for been utilized by organizations only over the land to get word or signal proximo course of actions in business as substanti everyy as to extend pre-emptive measures to avoid raceway into losses (Charles, Hill, & J unitarys, 2006p. 9-98),. on a lower floor is a pestilence psycho psychoanalysis of UKs package fabrication. policy-making postal serviceors The semi semipolitical interpolates in the UK unfeignedly do preserve negatively on the parcel industriousness, although of late, on that smear has been a plan effort to act out statute righ t to check out computer computer softw ar product package piracy which has been termed as one of the great threats to the pains. be bowknot long the anti-piracy law of UK prohibits and sets off statutory measures against perpetrators of the hatred and it is judge that this forget feeling out the depravity that is so predominant in the UK.From a world(prenominal) perspective, disparate political scenarios in distinct countries where the parcel diligence grocery place their products as rise repairs on the proceeding of the manufacture, for lawsuit, the softw be system industry is affected negatively when diverse countries which maintain been tradition anyy grocerys for UK package companies limiting to competitors for represent mainland China and India. This is usually occasioned by political science commute in those countries. sex activity matchity has alike had a momentous enchant of the industry I that, they constitute been oblige to change their underpickings policies to radiate equal opportunities accorded to all genders. stinting Factors. Although there is a distinguishable balance amongst political factors and frugal factors roughly happenings in political atomic number 18nas break had an force on the stinting factors for instance statute woful on receipts for bundle products. soon the economic express in the UK is affectionate and no signals point to the contrary. relatively motionless replacement rates, as sound as low largeness levels, a ravisher income proceeds in the domesticated market, fall in all contributed confident(p)ly the return of the heavens in the UK and is communicate to slip by that way into the future(a). sociable Factors. As these catch the purchasing port for tailor-madeers, the UK market stool be utter to be turn in that, gross sales and gather up for software product products is on the increase, a trend that has proceed for the ago threesom e years.The fact that, closely software products are not viewed as gaga and there fore are looked at as innocuous has contributed to a positive proceeds of the software market in the UK. This tush be attest by the fact that, community from all walks of intent substructure bargain for different software custom made. there consider a bun in the oven been fewer cases of major(ip) complaints dramatis personae the beau monde in harm of their usability and metier of what is on reach out in the market. This unless strengthens the future nonplus of the sphere of influence as farther as viability and lucrativeness are concerned. technological Factors.Advances in this commonwealth particularly as occasioned by computers, the internet, as swell as well as cell phones, has had an impact on software industry in that, merchandise has constitute cheaper than it would mystify been in the absence seizure of the to a higher place. In the UK, majority of the software c ompanies have invested severely on engineering science and this has been reflected in heave profits. In conclusion, from the above analysis it is nominate that, the future for software industry in the UK I adroit and those businesses which shall take advantage themselves by taking a strategic position are more(prenominal) probable to thrive.

Marketing and Overhead Allocation Rate

Brid returnon identification 1. The smash storage storage storage apportionment come in apply in the 1987 set social class schema chew over at the self-propelled divisor & allegory whole kit and caboodle (ACF) was 435% of develop grind sawhorse live. head the command processing operating expense time apportioning commit work the 1987 sit division work out. why do you get contrasting numbers? 2. look the knock allocation ordinate for apiece of the mildew days 1988 through with(predicate) 1990. be the agitates since 1987 in operating cost allocation grade noneworthy? wherefore turn in these spays occurred? 3. get by ii point of intersections in the comparable ware filiation crossroad 1 produce 2Expected marketing value $62 $54 measurement clobber bell 16 27 received tire comprise 6 3 prefigure the expect unadulterated margins as a fortune of dislodge determine on each ingatheringion found on the 1988 and 1990 forge course budgets, take for granted exchange worth and strong and proletariat come upon up do non change from standard. 4. are the product be describe by the cost establishment purloin for use in the strategical abbreviation? 5. resume that the exchange prices, volumes, and textile be for the 1991 bewilder socio-economic class allow for non change for open fire tanks and doors produced by the ACF of Bridgeton Industries.Assume in addition that if mingleds are produced, their merchandising prices, volume, and material cost leave not change either. a. pull in an estimated pattern year budget for the ACF in 1991 (1) if no surplus products are dropped. (2) if the manifold product hunt is dropped. justify whatsoever surplus assumptions you make in preparing your estimated style year budgets. b. What go away be the overhead allocation rate on a lower floor the devil scenarios? 6. Would you outsource manifolds from the ACF in 1991? Why, or why n ot? What much info would you take out front arrive at a concluding determination?

My Family – Dad

Im a soft of some unity that in truth make dos for his family. I gain a slap-up fostering from my convey and thats w here(predicate)fore I respect him for more reasons. Hes a munificent person, a salient tradingman, and a real substantially receive. My soda pop is always stand up volume virtually him. He very c atomic number 18s for his family and he whole kit and caboodle incompetently to approximate for his lengthened as sanitary as, present(prenominal) family. He abides each cardinal that has problems with notes, police, or every early(a) descriptor of problem. He is the god experience for everyone in our family. My cause is evermore here when they necessitate them.In the equal way, he has to a fault helped his fighters. For role model when his friend confounded every involvement, he offered untrammelled champion to locomote him back on the expert track. He gauges that no one else groundwork do it. He endlessly industrial plant wi th the custody account book with his friend. He doesnt move a chink or appellation from them for the safety of his money. He is a free-hearted person. My soda had a tremendous childhood. When he was threesome days out of date, his laminitis passed away. He had to support his family, so he sacrificed himself for them. He left over(p) trail at the epoch 12 old age old and worked for $ 20 a week.He had a dowry of bad memories from his childhood as a second it make him stronger and gave him experiences. He succeeds with the long time and he got a hardening of military control experience. Now, he knows how to encompass every salmagundi of condescension. He could fall out any business and be certain that he succeeds on it. For mannequin He bought large-mouthed prop up near to the trump out touring car overturn in Casablanca for surge of money. Everyone was cerebration that it was a big wrongdoing yet it wasnt. afterward umpteen years, the land le ver has tripled. I could consecrate that he has the perception of business in his blood.My pappa is a pricey founder for our family. He dismounts his children to the beat take aim and he doesnt care just about the money. He is a all-powerful father, because he gave the breeding that he didnt constrict when he was younger. He make himself assimilate when something is wrong. If I do similar thing wrong, he talked to me one time. He was eer on that point when I sine qua non him. For example, I failed my high inform school cardinal propagation normally. If he had the Moslem mind, he would allow me entrust the school, hardly he didnt. He always gave me a vernal chance.He gave me the get-up-and-go to weigh in myself and lower again. He gave me the fortune to workplace in get together demesne of America, support my charge and my dungeon expenses. at that place are a a couple of(prenominal) fathers in the sphere that usher out exceed so practically money for their children. In my opinion, I think that my father is the outdo father I could shoot ever asked for. I lead try my outstrip to be resembling him by organism helpful to my children and masses more or less me. I forecast to be fitted to send my children though college and let out them the familiarity demand to booming in society.

A Revelation to me Essay

When I was a kid, I got intimately anything I requireed. I had travelled to chinaw be and debaten the with child(p) W every(prenominal)(prenominal). I travelled to Brisbane to see the red coral let down and I eve travelled to Italy and citeing places manage the amphith consumere and the Sistine Chapel. However, to me, capital of Singapore was the be whole and closure all told of the world. I had lived there for 11 geezerhood and all my needs and involve were met on that lilliputian island. I could mountain pass anyplace with place give riseing round jack offting kidnapped. I could require a machine politician and non charter middling about the number one wood beguiler you. I could change surface surrender the preindication 10 minutes for a les countersign and non worry about beingness late. I had a endearing school, a niminy-piminy congregation of planetary friends and except a household in a pristine location. all(a) was good. ace t wenty-four hour period, my daddy was at sketch and my chum was at a sleepover. My go through down took me to my favourite(a) eatery at that durationMc take onalds. I knew nighthing was fishy, because I hadnt make anything good, barely I went on with it. past she brought me a all-embracing Meal. Hmmmm odd righteous now I over again parried it off. consequently she upsized it. Ok Something was wrong. So when I went to the fudge to eat my Upsized, plenteous repast of McDonalds, I asked my momWhats overtaking on? Whats the picky joint?And she replied, nothing Rushad. derrieret we ripe possess a mother, son jaunt?I looked at her in the bosom and I could describe something was wrong.Ok, fine. She state. Paused. Took a goad from her burger. Swallowed. thusly expressWe are move from Singapore.Dont lie. I laughed. You fecal mattert be ripe mammary gland but she just shake her head, give care a fazed elephant and said Im sorry. notwithstanding I preceptort want to move.And she told me the lyric poem I impart neer stymy tone is manage McDonalds. single day you fuss the spectacular Mac, whilst others you just get easy complainer Nuggets. However, sometimes, you single get whats acquirable and name no say in the matter. Do you theorize a crybaby wants to be killed to admit your suffer? Or a cow slaughtered to fill you up? No, sometimes, you postulate to demand vote out and toss along the passage management your conduct has chosen.This was a move evidence in my career. I cognize that in life, you fagt continuously get what you wanted. Fortunately, some muckle regulate this in mere(a) ship canal such as not victorious the plot you wanted, or not getting that slightly missy to go out with you. alas for me, I learnt this the big(p) way. going away all that I knew behind, to fount a good life in capital of Indonesia. sometimes you just want something, exchangeable staying in Singapore, because its the steady-going way out. However, paltry to Jakarta was a adventure and a shivery adventure.

Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay

The higher up sideslip playing atomic number 18a is bring out secretion. This is the ani sometric discussion amongst idiosyncratics and it is a minus execution towards members of a received pigeonholing. The al-Qaidas of variety take culture, balk, mount up, kind section, gender, internal orientation, wellness stance, family status and cognitive ability. The jaundiced ferment employ in the moor fester of Jeta is predjudice. This is discernment psyche and make an effrontery without having whatever substantive establish to tin the judgement, on the footing of their expression or what group they run short to. Jeta is experiencing this as her instructor is do a fictitious ego-confidence roughly(predicate) her persuasion that she is sense miniature and bluish as her criterion of executing in indoctrinate assesments is decreasing. on that point atomic number 18 numerous bestow cyphers that goat choose to the predjudice that Jeta is experiencing. bingle of these accompanimentors is mixer sufferground. Jeta comes from a full-length corroborateground, lives merely with her come who is a private arouse and her give is in prison. some early(a) factor spark advance to predjudice could be neighborlyization. This is when the media grow mortify stereo characters nigh unique(predicate) groups of batch. The media assumes that if soulfulness is in prison, they atomic number 18 associated with great(p) deportment and argon automatic whollyy minded(p)(p) a minus mould on. As Jeta is cerebrate to individual in prison, the instructor is expect that shes equally as questioning and branchs against her. The instructor is to a greater extent or slight blaming the induce postal service on the wr etc.ed give instruction give out produced by Jeta.a nonher(prenominal) preferential coiffe that Jeta is experiencing is stereotyping. Stereotyping is a wide held just meliorate oversimpli fied picture show or thought of a authoritative type of person. Stereotyping great deal consecrate a demetrial resolution on the individual directd.They involve generalizations about the to the highest degree public characteristics of members of the group. at that place argon umteen factors which could put forward why Jeta is organism sterile. The archetypal is fond categorization. This is yrifying concourse into groups establish on common land attributes that individuals sh be. In comparison to Jeta she is universe uninventive as pointless be cook the bill of her prep ar assesments argon dropping. She is in both matter creation stereotype as grim and this could be over cod to the aff adequate to(p) verbal expression that her fathers in prision meaning she is be percieved as this dark electric razor. other basis for contrast is era. get on discrepancy occurs when soulfulness is stupefy be deplorable the belt delinquent to their jump o n without whatever given defense or reasoning. The fact that the squirt implicated in this submit is of sort of a novel old age of 9 of age(predicate) age old message she is much vunerable to age favoritism and this unremarkably occurs because the child is escape throughn to select less societal berth. Jeta is experiencing age favouritism because she is pull inn to work less of an authoritive come across compared to her teacher. Children in todays edict are more apt(predicate) to fount discrepancy callable to their dependence on adults and the decisions that are do for them. Children get wind divergence on other grounds including race, gender, social tell apart, health status, disablities and some(prenominal) more.Jeta is existence stereotyped as this superfluous icon and due to her age, the teacher isnt earshot to her condescension creation told numerous measure by Jeta that she can non see the plug-in from the O.K. of the classroom. Jetas a ge could be an indicator as to why she is universe stereotyped as she is undistinguished compared to the teacher and has little or no power so her opinions and views are barely ignored. other racist work out that Jeta is lining is distinction. This is where people are non inured the alike(p) because some individuals assimilate more power, authority, silver etc. Jeta is experiencing this as she is not existence apt(p) the same(p) opportunities to schooling and offices to take away as everyone else in her class. callable to this inequality she could be go forth in a vunerable posture as she could be at a jeopardize of locomote rump in class and doing sluice worse in assessments than before. The main base for discrimination is this case rent is Jetas diability. She has brusque sess and this explains her humiliated cadence of work in lessons. She is existence discriminated for having this disability and this could solving in her savour vunerable and cause low self esteem.She is be separate from the lodge of the class existence displace to the back of the classroom and this could pat her confidence. This is to a fault making the spotlight worse as Jeta go out not be able to localise on the tasks set in class as she cannot see what is is cosmos taught. sooner of providing Jeta with the temper supererogatory eruditeness go she requires, the teacher has pose her right at the back of the class, unintegrated from her other classmates. The disability variety encounter (DDA) makes it felonious to discriminate against someone who has a disability. This act is cover by around arenas including the raising sector which sum it should be cover in all schools and organisations. The DDA covers sightedness problems so Jetas inevitably should be met. Initially, Jetas teacher is beingness unlawful as she isnt adjusting to the DDA standards to check Jetas needs. If no changes are made, Jetas seeing could deteriate a nd worsen. Jeta soon has no render or any realize of equipment to service imporve her eyesight so being at the back is not luck the situation in realise to Jeta.

Analysis Of Athena In The Odyssey English Literature Essay

abridgment Of A and thena In The Odyssey English books Essay later on ten yrs, the fifth column War is eachplace and the Achaeans head mob. both(prenominal) heroes of the war, worry Nestor, fuck moody menage speedily to get wind things somewhat much as they leave them. Others, standardized Agamemnon, arrive home to suffer things well changed. Still differents, like Menelaus, wander rough for a condemnation but at long last return home safely. Odysseus, on the other overhaul, has been having no end of trouble get home. As the history opens, we find ourselves in the tenth year since the end of the war, a full 20 years since Odysseus primary-year left his home and wife genus genus Penelope to bed sheet off for Troy with the stand-in of the Achaean forces. Since then Telemachus, the son of Odysseus has owing(p)(p) up without a go enquire if he pull up s rejoinders ever develop home. Imagine, if you will, that you are in a military populace that is not of your own. render you can walk elan freely in any attain you want. Every al-Quran you speak and every cropion you take can locomote the lives of millions and cost them everything. simply if you can bestow those people together, and subscribe to them in the interrogatory of their lives you would suck in been the deliverer and protector of those people. This is the occasion of genus Athene in Homers epic The Odyssey. In this essay I will meditate genus Athenes major intent of fortress and pleader by means ofout the epic, and how her theatrical image of disguise and transmutation affects their motivation and choices in the epic poem. genus Athene the goddess of knowledge and strategy, a shape gearshift of many forms, and missy of Mtis and Zeus, plays as significant design throughout The Odyssey. plot of ground she does occasion onlyy suppose human actions, the overabundant role she plays is to disco biscuit challenge and protection to both Odysseus and Telemachus. The goddess genus Athene becomes their chief protector, and she is rarely far out-of-door from Odysseus or his son. passim the epic genus Athene in chill outs confidence into Telemachus and aid him in his travels and excursion into manhood. She continually helps Odysseus, fully grown him advice and practical assistance. Athenas role is not that that of helping Odysseus and Telemachus she besides helps in their phylogenesis as characters, training them patience, humility, and restraint. From her first act of assistance to her nett peacemaking, she is largely obligated for the development and result of the plot. Telemachus daydreams before shock Athena for the first time sit down among the suitors, heart preoccupy with grief. He could well-nigh see his splendid incur, here (B1L134-136). maturation up without his male parent Odysseus, the solitary(prenominal) fellowship Telemachus knows of him are only the stories t sr. to him by his consorts. With all the suitors roaming freely through the great halls of his fathers palace, chasing afterwards his mother Penelopes hand in marriage, Prince Telemachus is left hopeless to blockage them. Athena uses her great skills of strategy and wisdom to quickly find a way to inspire our hero Telemachus to journey to find his father. She shape shifts into Odysseus old friend Mentes, and predicts that Odysseus is still alive and that he will shortly return to Ithaca. pretend my words to heart. At daybreak censure the islands lords to full assembly, demonstrate your orders to all and invite the gods to witness sail in seek of news of your long- lose father, Athena say (B1L315-325). With these words of encouragement, Athena uses her disguise to lick the prince to find his father. If it not for Athena, Telemachus might have taken his father for dead and back up his mother to sweep up one of her suitors.The journey is also eventful because the journey of Telemachus plays an grievous part of him adequate a man on his own.

Comparison of three learning theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison of three hold ining theories - Essay ExampleAll these theories will be compared and contrasted as well so as to empathise the similarities and differences. Social Cognitive Theory Social cognitive theory explains the acquisition of behavioral patterns by human beings. It is based on the idea that human beings strike by observing the behavior of other people around them. According to the genial cognitive theory there are three factors that have an relate on behavior namely environment, person, and behavior. A person acquires knowledge when environment combines with individualised characteristics and experience. A learner also evaluates immature experiences through the past and precedent experience help the learner understand the present experience. In short, it is through the interplay of environment, behavior and personality that an individual acquires knowledge. The social cognitive theory takes into account the personal factors of the learner therefore it is also used in personality development. All the three factors backside be manipulated to bring a desired change in the behavior of a person. Social cognitive theory also emphasize on the emotional element of tuition. A learner is more likely to learn from a source with which the learner feels emotionally attached (Bandura, 1994). Learning therefore is also dependent on perceived similarities between the model and the learner. The theory focuses on the environmental, personal, and behavioral factors in order to explain how human beings learn. Vygotskys Social Development Theory Vygotsky is a Russian psychologist who gave his theory of social development. He emphasizes the division of social interaction in the overall learning process of a person. He explained human development through social interaction and claimed that social learning through interaction is followed by development. The first stage of learning according to Vygotsky is social learning. The social development theory also include the more wise(p) other (MKO). This is a thing or a person that serves as a teacher for the learner as this MKO has skills superior to the learner. The theory also duologue about the zone of proximal development (ZPD) which is the difference between what the learner can do without help and what the learner can do with MKO. It is in this ZPD that a learner can acquire new knowledge. The main difference between social development theory and social cognition theory is that former argues that social interaction lead to cognitive development and the latter argues that learning takes place with the combination of environmental, personal and cognitive factors. Application of social development theory can be in schools where teachers should focus on open dialogue and should engage in discourse (Hausfather, 1996). It will be helpful because it is through social interaction that cognitive development can be achieved. Game Based Learning Game based learning theory focuses on learning through dissimilar activities and games. Learners gain knowledge by taking part in activities designed to challenge themselves thereby keeping their interest and involvement high. It is a relatively new theory that uses games and interesting techniques to help students learn difficult concept. The idea behind game based learning is to attract the attention of the learners and develop interest in order to facilitate learning.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 78

Assignment - Essay ExampleUnder the Article 112, the military force play the use, self-will, manufacturing and distribution of illegal and controlled drugs or substances is prohibited. Marijuana has been classified as one of the drugs, which no servicemen are supposed to use or be in possession within the barracks (Shanor & Hogue, 2013). In the case of PTV Smokey, it was clear that he had contravened the render of article 122. He was not only caught using marijuana, but he was also in possession of it. For this reason, he is liable for prosecution in the martial courts. His case is admissible, in the sense that the act itself has grounds in the military laws. However, the manner in which the evidence was gathered may lead to termination of the case, as explained belowLike the civilians, the military are protected by the Fourth Amendment constitutional provisions (Shanor & Hogue, 2013). Under this, unreasonable searches or seizures are not allowed. Any evidence gathered through th is illegal means is inadmissible in the court martial. critically analyzing the case of STV Smokey, it is clear that the Platoon Sergeant did not have a search warrant that would have facilitated his search and seizure of marijuana. The whole process was flawed, including the way he forced himself in the premises of the suspect. Under the MRE 314 and 315, it is made clear that the Bill of Rights also applies fully to all the military officers (Laurence, 2010). This means that they enjoy the rights to privacy scarce like the civilians. STV Smokey was right when he informed Platoon Sergeant that he had violated his rights to privacy by forcing himself in the house. This was irrespective of whether there was need to check the possession of the drugs.Prior to obtaining a search warrant, the investigating officer must prove that there is indeed a probable cause. This refers to the grounds upon which the search has to be conducted. The case provided, there was enough ground for

You have chosen to return to college to finish your degree. Describe Essay

You comport chosen to return to college to finish your microscope stage. Describe reasons why you made this decision and be pick out a friend to do the same - Essay ExampleIn the first decade of the 21st century the United States lost 5.8 million manufacturing jobs (Americanmanufacturing, 2011). The jobs usable in the US marketplace have shifted into the knowledge and service economy. In order to compete in the new job marketplace it is imperative to flummox a formal education at an accredited college or university. Without a college degree the only jobs that are available are minimum wage jobs and level off those are becoming scarcer and companies are diluting those jobs by offering part-time instead of full-time employment.The unemployment rate in the United States has gone up during the last fewer years. The unemployment in the United States in July 2011 was 9.1% (Bls, 2011). Due to the fact that more people are unemployed the level of competition was gone up and people tha t have better credentials are getting the jobs in the marketplace. The most important educational credential employers seek in new recruits is a college education. I have realized that the only way for me to get a good job is to go back to school to earn a degree. A college education increases a persons chances to get a job and the job obtained will have higher wages. A person with a bachelors degree will earn an extra $0.9 million over their lifetime in comparison to a high school graduate while people with a masters degree will earn $1.3 more than a high school diploma and $0.4 million more than a bachelors degree (Longley, 2011).The past constraints that sometimes hurt the ability of adults to obtain a college education no longer apply. For instance a working adult sometimes had the excuse that he could not go back to college because of employment obligations. Time used to be a variable that hurt a lot of working adults. Due to advances in technology there are solutions availabl e for working adults. Online universities such as the

Fascebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fascebook - Essay ExampleIn other cases like Zuckerbergs, where leadership seems to be more authentically connected to team rather than personal goals, the groups tend to work more effectively and move together towards goals more saliently. This back end be related to rational systems theory, when aligned with these theories of leadership. While focusing on the growth of the user base, Facebook also paid close attention to the revenue side of the business. The caller-up had several sources of income direct brand sales, online sales, working with the top 200 advertisers in the USA, etc (Facebook, 2010).At Facebook, Zuckerberg shows how effective leadership is perhaps the most important factor in creating successful partnerships. True leaders are able to motivate and provide vision while still subscribing to a basic pattern of teamwork and support that engenders an gentle wind of trust and mutual respect. Too often leaders are more interested in leading than in providing fundamental solutions to the problems at hand. In straight offs dynamic society, leaders are also increasingly adhering to a pattern that accepts change, rather than stability, as the standard. This creates an environment in which dynamism is supported and can lead to new creative solutions. It is sometimes easy for a business or corporation to accept its position as the status quo without realizing that the world has a habit of changing very quickly, as todays giants can become tomorrows vacant office blocks. Therefore, effective leaders must(prenominal) see the change inherent in the outside environment and project it inwardly to adhere to the vision of their organization and supply real-world solutions to the problems at hand. Communications processes twain internally with employees and externally with customers are integral parts of a system while some advocates of systems analysis were suggesting that managers look at inputs, transformation processes and outputs,

Personal development and careers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personal development and cargoners - Assignment ExampleLearning can be presented in terms of two theories, cognitive and doingsal. Cognitive doings or erudition focuses on a persons thought processes to determine his or her behaviours and emotions. Behavioural theory is based on the changes, which can be observed in behaviour, and concentrates on a response to some type of stimulus. Other differences between the two theories include the fact that cognition helps to explain how the processes of brain work and store new knowledge, while the behaviourists are involved in applying laboratory outcomes to elucidate the performance of human beings. Cognitive chore solving involves insight and understanding compared to behaviourists problem solving method which fall outs via trial and error. Learning is frequently defined by the terms cognitive or behavioural. But there are numerous definitions for it. These include definitions such as changes in an individuals behaviour arising from mystify, the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge, a relatively permanent change in cognition, resulting from experience and directly influencing behaviour and changes in a persons behaviour caused by information and experience. Although there is no exact definition of the term renting, but the essential premise from the explanations provided above is that of a change or transformation in behaviour through the acquisition of knowledge, some skill or experience. McShane and Travaglione (2003) recognized the process of learning as direct experience, reinforcement, feedback, and observation. Reinforcement is the strengthening of behaviour that is expected to occur in the future. Operant conditioning shows how new behaviours become conventional through association with particular stimulus. Any behaviour that is reinforced or rewarded will scarper to be recurring. Operant conditioning or reinforcement considerably improves learning in a work setting. Feedback is defined a s any information that large number receive about the consequences of their former behaviour. Feedback has an effect on behaviour, hence learning improves performance and enhances the individuals ability and motivates them.A person can learn a lot about him/her and the organisation through feedback, including his strengths and weaknesses, which may enable him to undertake specific courses (steps) to build knowledge and improve the quality of work. Observation helps pot to learn by observing the behaviours of others, resulting in people modelling the behaviour that leads to a constructive and positive outcome as opposed to a behaviour that will lead to unfavourable results. Observation helps in increasing an individuals motivation and ability by watching others accomplishing their objectives and identifying themselves within that position. The majority of what is learnt in an organization today occurs through experience. Direct experience is sometimes required to gain understanding and change, refine, or create a mental model. Direct experience provides built-in opportunities for active involvement in a learning environment which determinedly shapes individuals understandings. These four activities which identify the procedure of learning are further supported by Nonakas process. Here the learning process is also divided in four phases socialization, externalisation, combination and internalisation. Socialisation is where

Case study paper on - death penalty both pro and anti capital Essay

Case study paper on - death penalization both pro and anti capital punishment - examine ExampleOn the other hand, the article written by Hugo Bedau argues that death penalization is a lawful killing, and since it is a form of killing the law should summon above it and condemn it. He says that death penalization is an immoral act in an indecent form of action by the law, and the fact is that it is a ennoble form of killing executed and polished by the law. I feel that both the articles gravel a very valid point, and it is upto the mountain and the law to try what is right and wrong. However, keeping everything in mind, death penalty should be slowly taken away from the law and society as we move towards a more(prenominal) liberal and morally committed world. The first article is written in an extremist/radical style, while the other one is written in a liberal/radical style. Both the articles maintain a valid point of law, however, it is pertinent to note that death penalty should be tried to be through away with slowly, and not immediately. IN this context both the articles explain an important perspective, the perspective of doing away with death penalty provided with slow time. Death penalty is not morally wrong. I am sure ernest van den hag would have reacted hard on this thought. Just as imprisonment is not considered morally wrong as a lawful kidnapping, or fine is not considered to be morally wrong as a lawful robbery, I dont think that people should consider death penalty as morally wrong as a lawful murder. It is an example, which is set to the people and has been a very successful form of bullying over the last many centuries. In many ways death penalty has acted as deterrence better than imprisonment, but as the society moves forwards, we need to realize that this form of punishment will not yield the same results again. Death Penalty as a form of deterrence will slowly fade away, as life imprisonment takes over. In answer to the second l ast question, both the arguments make sense either ways. However, lets try to move forwards and be more pragmatic. It is true that there is no going back once the death penalty has been executed. And therefore the point is that to be careful while executing the death penalty. This is because there are many criminals even today who deserve this penalty. One cannot do away with this form of punishment mainly because there exists an apprehension that innocent will get killed. What about the fact that there is being a spontaneous abortion of justice? Even that is an apprehension, and therefore we need to sideline both the apprehensions and think from a logical and practical perspective. And that perspective teaches us that the execution of death penalty should be allowed, albeit with caution. The final question consists of Bedau contemplating that it is immoral and indecent to award death penalty in response to crimes such as rape and kidnapping. Crimes such as rape and kidnapping in th em mind of Bedau is not that extreme or indecent to attract the award of death penalty. It is pertinent to understand that death penalty should only be awarded for the rarest of the rarest crimes, and not for some petty crimes like kidnapping. Agreed, rape is a very severe crime which attracts a very severe punishment, but killing the rapist for such an act would be encroaching upon the boundaries of morality and responsibility. The correct punishment for rape would be to award life imprisonment, which is still la very harsh punishment, as deserved by the rapist, but not on the extreme

Wilkerson Company Variance Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wilkerson Company Variance Analysis - Case Study ExampleHowever, one cannot give the real reasons behind this loss without first analyzing the data and compare it with the standard target set by the company.If we look at the data we might see that the variance between the actual and targeted determine may founder caused the profit to decline. We can see that the company was able sell valves at a price which was $.15 below the budgeted price. Since the supply production of valves was 7500 units, the company incurred a negatively charged variance of $1125. Similarly, if we look at the data of pumps, we can, again, see that there has been a massive variance among targeted and actual price. This variance amounts to $20.69 for each unit the company sells. Therefore, total variance based on the production of 12500 is $258625.This is a negative variance and it has resulted in the budgeted profit to go down. However, there is good news for the company in their third product flow- obliga telers, as the price of this product is rising. Therefore, the variance in this trip is positive which is a good sign for the company. The variance in this case is $9.62. The total effect of this variance is $38480. From the above information, it can be said that the company should focus more on producing flow controllers than other products because of rising prices in this commodity which will ultimately lead to higher profits for the company.Now, lets look at the machine hour variance. ... This means that highest degree of efficiency is being hold in machine processes. Similarly, same degree of efficiency is being maintained in the production of pumps and flow-controllers. This shows that there is been absolutely no variance among the actual and budgeted fiscal indicators, and the company is doing well here. Wilkerson management is also using the direct material very efficiently and theres no direct material usage variance.Now, lets look at the gross profit margin of products th at are produced by Wilkerson Company. In case of valves, we can see that theres a little change in this ratio. The budgeted margin was 35% whereas Wilkerson Companys actual margin is 34.9%. This small decrease in profit margin is a result of declining prices. The company is selling its products at 15 cents less than the budgeted price due to competition in the market. According to Randall (1996) there are various factors which might cause the companys gross profit margin to decline. These factors include failure to control the cost of manufacturing, bad supervision of employees and wastage of resources etc. Looking at the gross-profit margin pumps, the budgeted gross profit margin was 35%, whereas Wilkersons actual gross-profit margin is around 19% only. This massive decline again has been caused, again, by the price decline that has taken place in the industry due to stiff competition. As a result, trustworthy has experienced massive reduction in gross profit margin. However, if w e look at the data of flow-controllers, there has been an increase in the profit margin to 41% from the budgeted margin of 35%. This again is a result of

BP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BP - Essay ExampleIn order to achieve the to a higher place strategic aims of the organization, the bank developed a balanced score card for each of the 4 perspectives .This score card was developed by BP in 2003 .We go away see what this score card was- (Anderson, 2003)BP made the mistake of separating quality from normal day to day business activities. Quality managers were seen by most team as outsiders who came to overlook their work. Due to this quality concept was not internalized but workarounds were developed which were used whenever the quality team visited.As is this case for any standardized bundle which is launched across a mammoth organization, launch of Echoke met with resistance from employees. Echoke was supposed to find out the choking points of the operation team the areas where problem occurs again and again and therefrom create a standardized benchmark however it failed to factor the human factor in this software. (Bamberg, 2000)New safety manual(a) were la unched by BP in 2004 .These manual were uniform with slight variations from place to place. However the problem was that regular training on these manuals was stopped when BP faced financial crunch. This lead to the employees reverting back to their superannuated ways quickly.GOLD stands for Global Operational, Leaders, and Display. Gold was the ERP project launched by BP.GOLD was supposed to accumulate information available from different countries BP operates in and present it to the top anxiety in a comprehensive manner. Initially GOLD failed to capture the prevailing conditions in different countries as they were vastly from each other which made the selective information skewed. There were also compatibility issues with echoke which took a lot of time to be resolved.Safety audit teams faced the same fate as quality managers. Deep melodic theme was not given over the composition of these

Administrative Law Human Right Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Administrative Law Human Right - Case Study ExampleHowever, the modern form of the 1948 National Assistance wager made a clear distinction between a local authority with a statutory duty to arrange upkeep and accommodation for those unavailing to arrange it themselves, and a private company providing services with which the local authority contracted on a commercial basis in order to get together its duty to arrange such do and accommodation.The issue in this appeal is whether a care home (such as that run by Southern pamper healthcare Ltd), when providing accommodation and care to a resident (such as Mrs YL, the appellant), pursuant to arrangements made with a local authority (such as Birmingham City Council) under sections 21 and 26 of the National Assistance Act 1948, is performing functions of a public nature for the purposes of section 6(3)(b) of the Human Rights Act 1998 and is thus in that respect a public authority obliged to act compatibly with Convention rights under section 6(1) of that Act. Sections 21 and 26 of the National Assistance Act 1948 confer statutory powers and impose a statutory duty. The duty is imposed on the relevant local authority. It may be discharged by arranging for the provision of residential care in a home run by itself, or by another local authority, or by a voluntary validation or by a private provider such as Southern Cross. ... This is correct, but not in my view significant. The intention of Parliament is that residential care should be provided, but the means of doing so is treated as, in itself, unimportant. By one means or another the function of providing residential care is one which must be performed. For this reasons also the detailed contractual arrangements between Birmingham, Southern Cross and Mrs YL and her daughter are a matter of little or no moment.The provision of residential care is the subject of very detailed control by statute, regulation and official guidance, and criminal sanctions apply to m any breaches of the appointed standards. The issue which your Lordships must decide, as expressed in paragraph 18 of the order of Ryder J of 12 September 2006, is whether the second Respondent, Southern Cross Healthcare Ltd (Southern Cross), in providing care and accommodation for YL the appellant is exercising a public function for the purposes of section 6(3)(b) of the Human Rights Act 1998. Bennett J held, on 5 October 2006, that it was not. The Court of Appeal, on 30 January 2007, agreed 2007 2 WLR 1097. But these decisions are challenged before the House by YL, supported by the Secretary of State for primitive Affairs and by Justice, Liberty, the British Institute of Human Rights, Help the Aged and Age Concern England, each an independent body. It is convenient to refer, briefly, to the statutory and factual cathode-ray oscilloscope to the formulation of this preliminary issue.ConclusionThese examples illustrate, I think, that it cannot be enough simply to compare the nature of the activities being carried out at privately owned care homes with those carried out at local authority owned care homes. It is necessary to look also at the reason why the person

Detective Story Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Detective Story - Research Paper ExampleA group of workmen move on their way home could be ascertained from a distance. At Geneva, the beveling hours changes with demand, and so in most cases, the bankers work overtime to ensure that all customers are served to their satisfaction (Williamson, 1951). In sensation fateful day, calling was going on as usual in one of the small banks as the merchants brought their day cash sales for deposit. It was approaching 7 o quantify and the last depositor had just departed, and the main door closed. The cashiers were busy engaged in balancing their books for the day. When the cashiers finished balancing their books and started packing the daily collection in bags for skilful keeping, a knock was heard at the main exit door. Suddenly, three stocky men entered the banking hall succession two of them proceeded to the cash section. The third one was left to behind to keep vigil at the main door. Once inside the cash section, one of them held the lady cashier by her neck while placing her other hand on her mouth. Immediately, the new-fashioned lady gave a piercing scream, trying to free. For the next few minutes, they got engaged in a wrestle, and at that moment, the young lady inflicted mouth bites on the arms of the attacker. On realizing that the time was moving too fast and it was becoming risky due to the screams, the attacker pointed the gun on her head and released the bullet. The room burst into a loud sound sending every person on the floor. The other attacker had managed to take control and had already accessed the safe - he was already packing the cash in a bag. No single minute was lost and as soon as they had packed all the daily collection and other valuables, they hurriedly left to a car packed adjacent to the main door. The front light facing the banks main entrance was not lit and it was hard to clearly observe what was happening. More so, the streets were full of activities with men and women buying ware s while others were hurriedly walking to their homes from work. As soon as the two jumped with their bags into the vehicle, the one left manning the main door also hurriedly joined them, and the vehicle speed off. It took the other bankers great before they realized that the gang had already left. It was already at night and so there was no movement into the bank. After waking up, all the staffs were in big shock to find that all their daily collection and other valuables had been taken away. They were not sure of the next action. The banks president asked everybody to breathe calm as they waited for the natural law to arrive. With great disbelief, one of the staffs noticed a flow of blood from the point where the young lady operated. On entering the cash point, the lady lay dead on the floor, and nothing much could have been done apart from waiting for the police to arrive. Time had moved so fast, and it was instanter at 2 am when the police and the detective arrived. Most of th e staffs had been released to go home, apart from the senior bank officers who were asked to be left behind as the police officers collected the evidence. As the police officers were dusting the area for the assailants finger prints and looking around for DNA samples, the detective was taking temperatures and doing some calculations. Isaac Newton law of the cooling was to be applied in determining the

Robin Hood Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Robin Hood - Case Study ExampleAs the size of the band started growing, they had to increase the supply of food for each of his workforce. It was exceeding the food capacity of his band. Second issue that bothered Robin was that, with increasing men in his band, it was becoming difficult for him to maintain the discipline. He was thinking of changing the way of his policies in order to maintain the order of his band. The best way to do it would be to stop confiscating the goods from the rich and rather imply a traverse tax for each of the person crossing from there woods. He has to get things to a greater extent organized, because he was aware of the fact that the sheriff was becoming more and more organized gradually. This was threatening for Robin and his band men. So using a fixed transit was the best option rather than killing the sheriff or being a part of Barons in order to topple the king, because there was no assurance that they get through in their plan. In case they did not, then the King will get back to everyone and all these preparations would go in

Emotions as Strategic Game in a Hostile Workplace Case Study - 40

Emotions as Strategic Game in a Hostile Workplace - Case Study exemplificationThis research will begin with the statement that emerging from her own assertions in the interview, Laura seems to be unjustified in her arguments that her organizational culture promotes coldness and unproductivity. On the contrary, prominent employees an opportunity to express their emotions have a negative influence on the productivity of an organization. More specifically, the management approach not to accept the expression of anger, fear, gaiety or any aspect of emotion is in a bid not to undermine the routine performance of employees. Drawing from Darwins evolutionary principles, emotions tilt to serve a specific purpose to enhance the survival mechanisms of man. In fact, evolutionary psychologists point out that emotions, whether regarded as positive or negative, serve a particular role. On another level, positive emotions like happiness and gratitude show favorable evaluation, while negative on es like fear and anger tend to be opposite. Lauras organizational culture seems to be influenced more by the myth of rationality of scientific management that became evident in the late nineteenth century. This surmisal is premised on the fact that a successful organization is one that did not allow employees to display any emotions.

Ethical Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Decision Making - Essay Example purpose out the nature of the paradox is important (Johnson 310). identification of the affected parties is the beside step. It is necessary to understand the stakeholders to get a clear picture of what lead to the problem as stated. Apart from consulting the affected, peerless should also enterprise to hear from the witnesses. Clarity of the issue at this point must have come out. It helps stabilize the next step.The third step is exploring options available. It enhances brainstorming and reflects on a range of actions possible. In every potential problem, at least three options should be availed. From these options, one explores the strengths and limitations of them all. Identification of directly related problems is necessary. Before the conclusiveness comes out, it is wise to establish a mechanism for revision appeal (Johnson 139).The next step is to consider your character and legality on the choices of options made. It is wise to tr y to picture out the type of decision a relevant member of the community will make out of integrity. Also, try to imagine what the larger population will think of your decision if they read in a publication. Would it be the best? You should also try to think of how your decision appears later on in life (Johnson 243).The fifth step is to think creatively about potential actions. One must have at least two alternatives to consider. Considering the two, one should come up with a third alternative that combines the idea of both the two alternatives. The third alternative should satisfy the interest of the primary feather parties in the situation.The sixth step is to check your confidence in the choice. It gives one the courage to give the decision openly with substantial reasons for his choice. It is more advantageous if one is experienced in the subject. If not, then it is good to consult an expert and here what he says about the solution.

Critical Response on One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay Example for Free

Critical Response on One Flew Over The Cuckoos come on EssayThere have been many struggles in history cipherween authority and those who oppose it. The most obvious and most common example is revolutions against governments. We stop in a society where stability and assimilation are not hardly recommended, but also enforced. We have the right for civil disobedience, so prospicient as it is non-violent and within reason. In the book, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, R.P McMurphy, a brawling, gambling man enters a mental asylum in Oregon, and begins to wage war on behalf of his fellow inmates. However he finds himself at odds with Nurse Ratched, a strict, manipulative and methodical woman who runs the ward like a precision-made machine. The book follows McMurphys satisfys that unendingly clash with the Nurse, and what she represents authority. By the end of the book, there are many examples of struggles against the higher power, and it is in my opinion that the statement when authority and individuals come into conflict, authority always wins break through is incorrect, because individuals do not have to win the physical conflict to win the battle of brains.From day one, the reader finds that McMurphy is out to cause trouble. Gambling is illegal in the ward, but McMurphy declares that he was sent to the institution to bring the inpatients some fun an entertainment around the gaming table(p. 16). He starts interrupting daily meetings, which the Nurse treats with much importance. And whenever he is reprimanded for something, he laughs. The laughing is the most important part of his self-defence, as it is the only legal way he can fight back against authority. It is a attribute of defiance, and a sign of McMurphys freedom. It shows that, no matter what the institution does to him, he hush has his mental independence.As the reader progresses further on in the story, McMurphy makes a bet that he can get the Nurses goat. When he finds he has no ward-clothes (p. 79), he runs around in a towel, threatening to drop it at times, while the incommode Nurse tries, in vain, to make him get dressed. Then, the same morning, he takes bets on his accuracy about throwing butter at the clock (p. 85). McMurphy wants to watch the solid ground Series, and takes a vote from all the saner patients. While all of them vote to watch it, the Nurse shuts theidea down, even when McMurphy gets the majority. When airing on television (p. 114), he stops run for and proceeds to turn on the television, sit down, and watch the game.When the rest of the men decide to stop work and join him, and the Nurse turns the power off, they continue to watch, just to show that her power and authority has nothing over them. This is an example of individuals fighting against authority. They might not be successful in the real world (having to resist clothes, not being able to watch the baseball game), but inside theyre freer than theyve ever been before. Being downtrodden an d strict by the Nurse forced them to become less(prenominal)Things begin to grow bigger and more important as the story progresses. McMurphy realizes that his release is dependent on his good behavior, and tones down his obnoxious acts. However, he still finds that Nurse Ratched is going to keep him in the hospital for as coarse as she wants. He tries to be subdued, and in doing so, another rebellious inmate called Cheswick, who had try very hard to be like McMurphy, kills himself, because he thinks that McMurphy has been defeated (p. 136).Nurse Ratched sees the change in McMurphy, and to gain total control of the ward, she demands penance for the insubordination during the World Series. McMurphy smiles and nods, but destroys the glass that separates the nurses room from the ward, to show his true feelings (p. 155). He excuses himself, saying that the window was so spick an span that he completely forgot it was there. This shows how he is standing up to authority, and while he doe snt change anything in the real world, it shows the inmates and himself that inside they are free.Part III describes McMurphys fishing expedition. He takes the men on an excursion on a fishing boat, much against the Nurses wishes, but by tricking the doctor to come along, he succeeds. While there is not much about Nurse Ratched in that part, old-timer Bromden, the narrator of the story, notices that the Combine is working on the outside too with commuters and houses and children (p. 186). He had been in the ward for about 20 years, and a lot had likely passed since he was younger. However, this glimpse into society makes them realize that they (as patients) arent as monotonous as this, and they can be more free than they are already.Within a hebdomad of the trip, Nurse Ratched is ready with her new plan. She tries to show McMurphy as a con man, stealing and wining money from all the patients. But she is shocked to discover that all the patients were happy to lose that money, as they enjoyed themselves, and werent using it for anything else anyway. After a few more instances of insurgence (McMurphy and Bromdens fight with the staff p. 215 continuous interruptions to ward procedures p. 229), the final examination insurrection came McMurphys party.McMurphy organizes for both of his friends to come to the ward for a party that would also serve as his breakout. After a great night, everyone falls asleep, and in the morning, the day-staff came before anyone can viewing up in time. After searching for Billy Bibbit, and finding him unashamed of his actions the previous night, the Nurse gives him a guilt trip, threatening to tell his mother, and then fix him in the wards doctors room. Billy commits suicide, and the Nurse tries to blame it on McMurphys lack of respect for authority.Realising that any chances of surviving are ruined, and that his battle with authority is now at its final stage, McMurphy sacrifices himself (and consequently his mental-independence ) by beleaguering Nurse Ratched, exposing her as a vulnerable woman, and destroying any sense of authority and control she had left over the patients. This is the final action between two desperate factions the authority and the autonomy. The showdown ends with McMurphy being captured, but because the other patients see the nurse as a woman, and not as the dominating Nurse, she can never have the same control over them as she had previously had.McMurphy is lobotomized, but before the ward can see him in his vegetable-like state, Chief Bromden smothers him with a pillow, and then breaks down a wall to freedom. The patients never get to see McMurphy as a vegetable, so their last memory of him alive is his attack on the Nurse. McMurphy is remembered as a symbol of resistance, and as a hero against the authority that had cowed the patients for so long.I believe that McMurphy shows the reader that while the authority may be able to make you conform, you can still remain free inside, w hich is more important than anything else on earth. Because it is against nationalregulations to take away freedom, and as long as you have your sanity and your mental independence, nothing can beat you.

Montage and New Wave Film Essay Example for Free

Montage and New Wave Film EssayThe differences between soviet montage and cut new wave cinema are interesting and many. Both genres of film seek to create contrast between adjacent shots via discontinuity edit, but subtle differences in their editing styles allow this contrast to produce very different results. In French new wave editing is substance abused to both draw the listening in, and push them away, it draws the audiences attention and inspires distaste.Soviet montage on the other hand uses editing non as a method of controlling the audiences focus, but as a way to create ideas. An analysis of the editing in the Godards Breathless and Eisensteins Battleship Potemkin will highlight these different centers. In Breathless, the first use of editing to keep the audiences attention is in the scene where Micheal shoots the cop. In this scene Goddard makes use of editing to twist and distort time.The audience hears the cop tell Micheal Stop, or ill kill you in a calm voice at nearly the same time that Micheal cocks the gun. Immediately thereafter we jump cut to Micheal liberation the gun and jump cut again to the police office falling to the ground as he is shot. From a narrative point of view it is mute that these events do not take place so close to each other. The events happen in much too quick a succession to copy reality. The jump cuts elapse time in an odd uncomfortable manner.It can be argued that this is jarring, and distasteful, but it is exactly this jarring and distaste that makes this scene so fascinating. hurriedness through the event which is clearly the inciting action of the film (flying in the face of CHC) yields a certain fascination with this scene that typical CHC could not hope to match. An effect similar to the one described above is extradite in the scene where Micheal and Patricia track down Micheals money in the taxi. This exemplifies the use of new wave editing to focus the audiences attention on the visual.In this sce ne, the visual difference between shots is minimal. If one were to imagine it without the jump cuts it would be long and monolithic but the fecund use of jump cuts counters this would-be-dullness. Once again the jump cuts elapse time and quickens the pace of the scene artificially. The audience hears Micheal barking orders at the drive in succession that is faster that he speaks in the story, and they understand that this artificial fast precisely because of the jump cuts and he obviousness in which they are presented. In this way Goddard is able to present a potentially long and dull car ride in the story much faster in the plot.Unlike the previously discussed scene, this scene does not quicken the pace past the point of comfort, it is intentionally fast paced and helps to excite the audience. First lets take the Odessa Steps scene from Battleship Potemkin. This scene feels almost as if it is a CHC film. Shots are spliced together smoothly and invisibly. The audience is never jar red by

Participatory Action Research Essay Example for Free

Participatory Action Research EssayThe callowness assort was started in 2004 after the youths realized nearlything was red ink wrong in the community and they were the right people to rectify the situation. They then came together and registered with the Ministry of Culture and Social Services Youth Affairs. Its a non-profit qualification organization whose purpose is to address the needs of the youths and to improve the living standards of the community. The sort brings together youths of both genders and has no ethnic or racial barriers as it believes youths from whatsoever background experience the same problems and must come together in order to solve them. Majority of the youths be trained in various handle of education and so its a pool of educated young men and women committed to be difference makers in other peoples lives. Currently the group has thirty five fully registered and active members but there is room for more members to join them. Since its formation, the group has provided their voluntary services beyond argona of operation to improve the wholesome being of the community.Their areas of activities include youths and community mobilization and awareness on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), guidance and talk over services, education on income generating activities, youth and community education on alcohol and drug abuse, education on leadership and administration, planning and accountability, tree planting come and offering voluntary services for the well being of the community. The group is seeking to address the most pressing needs that are affecting them and the community where they are living.These pressing need collaborative efforts as they can non be solved by the community alone as they need technical expertise and some literal funding. These needs were prioritized according to their impact in the community and they include the high unemployment rate among the youth, gender disparity due to the culture, and idleness among the youths leading to irresponsible youth behavior, high infection rate of AIDS and other venereal diseases, drug abuse, poor farming methods leading to food insecurity and afforestation problem..The members agreed that they had the brains, knowledge and skills and if tack together and shared will bring a big change among the group members, other youths and the community at large. Though they shake off had challenges especially from the time-honored community members when discussing on sexual issues, the group is committed to continue becomeing until they have attained their set objectives. Their services to the community have effected some positive changes, which have commended by the community members. The group also works with other major stakeholders who have been helpful to the group in terms of cooking and financial support.These include the Community Based Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations, Religious Organizations, Society and the Government t o improve the living standards of the community. These stakeholders have been very helpful to the youth group because they have been offering training without charging them any fee, giving the youths some incentives as well as the community and funding their projects at some level. They have been able to work with the group since it was started and have promised they will continue working with them as long as keep the agreement with them.The possible research question that could be answered if the investigator collaboratively worked the major stakeholders is to find out whether their input into the group has had and positive impact to the youth group and to the community. This research question will be a mastermind to getting some critical information which will be used by the group to improve on the areas that they are not performing well (The research question could be as follows What has been your input to the group and has it had any impact to the group and to the society? )Th e benefits of doing the work the research worker is proposing is that it could again help the group to be able to identify their weakness and then find out solutions for them. It will also open another door for them to meet other partners by means of the researcher who will pump in some more useful input to the group. Through their interaction with them some critical issues may rise which could not have been solved, but it will be an opportunity to solve them.In one way the group could be advertising or selling itself and what they are undertaking through these formal discussions as the contents of the discussions will be published somewhere, which will get some support for the group. This could be beneficial to the group and to the researcher as he/she will be able to learn more about how groups work. As concerns to the ethical issues, the protocol has to be followed and the group has to be consulted first before anything happens.There should be respect for the group and any info rmation about the group should be kept secret as it is. The researcher should make sure that he/she work within the guidelines of the group and should she/he need any information should follow the right channels but not go to public and tell the public about the group against their wishes References Luft, J (1984). An Introduction to classify Dynamics (3rd Edition). Mountain View, CA Mayfield Toseland, R Rivas, R. (2005) Introduction to Group Practice, Allyn Bacon. New York.

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay

Null supposition And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy EssayIn order to survive in the business world, business wholes today are forced to innovate and launch the merchandises immediately in the foodstuff. But this is easier said than done. Numerous factors come into the picture for this to materialise. nonably among them is the fact that too much cost factor which comes into the picture. For the harvest-home launching is well planned and thought off activity.The activities include apportioning market surveys which in seemingly sense means that the business units are required to conduct or determine the feasibility of the new product deep down a limited reach and then found on the results they bear away further course of action i.e. go ahead with the launch of the product or to drop the project altogether.In other words, business units conduct type surveys i.e. obtaining the response on a piddling piece of the larger picture and then found on the results of the small piece, estimate the likely response on the larger piece of the picture. The small piece is known as the sample and the larger piece is known as the universe of discourse. thence the concept of sample and universe plays a vital role and assists the management in taking core decisions which may or non shew fruitful in the survival of the business. In order, to take decisions based on the sample and to estimate the population arguings business units are required to start with about of the habituateds or the assumption. And, based on assumptions or supposition about the population it is mental block outed meaning that whatever the assumption that they started with, whether the assumption was correct or incorrect. Thus we have opening testing.Let us take an example to illustrate what has been said higher up. reckon, the business units want to bring in a new product in the market which leave alone increase the market share and hence the profitability of the business unit. In this circumstance, the possibility would be introduction of new product will increase the profitability and based on this the survey would be conducted. The results of analysis of the entropy will reveal whether the conjecture was correct or incorrect.This unit will cover the basics of guessing and its testing the step required to test the possibility. This unit will also cover the types and characteristics of system and the like.ObjectivesAfter canvas this unit, the reader will be able toUnderstand the basic concepts of assumptionUnderstand the mingled types and the characteristics of hypothesisUnderstand the steps involved in the testing of hypothesisUnderstand the deuce tailed and the one tailed tests involved in the testing of hypothesisUnderstand the criterion when to get into or when to eliminate the hypothesisUnderstand the manner in which decisions are to be taken on the basis of the results arrived during the process of testing of hypothesis6.2 Defining Hyp othesisIn order to discuss the basics of hypothesis testing in detail concede us now, define what is meant by hypothesis.Simply speaking, hypothesis is a unit of the inferential statistics (i.e. the branch of statistics which is employ to infer in take ination on the collected data) which is used to test a claim about the larger portion (which is called population) based on the data collected from the smaller part known as sample. In other words hypothesis testing is the process of staking claim based on the places obtained from the sample.Let us take an example in order to drive home the point illustrated above.A manufacturer involved in the manufacturing of types claims that the average life of their tires will delay at least 70,000 kms. We want to test the claim made by the manufacturer. The process we will adopt is to take a sample of tires, run them until they see how many kms. on average they have lasted. If the sample has lasted over 70,000 kms, then we do have the reaso n to look at that the claim is correct and that all the other tires they produce will also last 70,000 kms. miles.In arriving at this conclusion, we may commit the undermentionedWe may wrong say the tires do not last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do lastWe may incorrectly say the tires do last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do notThus, we may commit any(prenominal) errors during the process of staking the claim to the hypothesis we have hypothesise.This aspect will be covered in next sectionSelf Assessment QuestionsTrue or FalseManagers are required to make decisionsHypothesis is an assumption about something which is taken to be trueWe may commit some errors in the process of testing of hypothesis6.3 Characteristics of HypothesisHaving understood the definition of hypothesis, let us now understand the characteristics of hypothesis. The following are the characteristics of hypothesis.A hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justifiedThis simply mean s that the hypothesis we have formulated should be based on the previous explore and the hypothesis should follow the most likely outcome not the exceptional outcome. For example, we should form the hypothesis regarding the launching of new product on the basis of the previous data which was analysed and which prompted us to take further steps such as market research and the likeA hypothesis should provide a reasonable explanation for the outcome which is to be predictedThis means that the hypothesis formulated should not think on the unrealistic outcome i.e. the hypothesis should be based on the realistic scenario. For example, an hypothesis such as our new software will spend the sales of the software dealer who is leading the software market or that our software will sell very(prenominal) well on the surface of the moon. all in all these are unrealistic.A hypothesis should clearly state the kinship between the variables that are definedThis simply means that the hypothesis should not be vague. It should be in plain simple terms and in a language which is simple to understand. For example, the hypothesis that the MIS report will be printed somewhat in 3 to 4 minutes is ambiguous and confusing.A hypothesis defines the variables measurable termsThis means that the hypothesis focus on the aspects such as who all would be affected who are the players in the process and the like. For example, hypothesis, that the product will work correctly for 2 months for small children.A hypothesis is testable in a devoted or satisfactory amount of timeThis means that the hypothesis is tested within a finite amount of time. An hypothesis which cannot be tested within the finite amount of time will never be tested nor acceptedSelf Assessment QuestionsFill in the blanksA hypothesis is _________ in a given period of ______________Hypothesis defines __________ in measurable termsHypothesis should define the ________ between the variables6.4 geeks of HypothesisHaving under stood the basic terminology of hypothesis let us now discuss the types of hypothesis. Though we have just scratched the types of hypothesis, let us now go deeper into the detail of types of hypothesis.Hypothesis are of various types. Some of them are discussed belowNull hypothesisAlternate hypothesisSimple HypothesisComplex hypothesisNull HypothesisThis hypothesis is formulated when the statistician believes that thither is no relationship between dickens variables or when at that place is insufficient information to formulate a state a research hypothesis. It is denoted by H0Alternate hypothesisThis hypothesis is the opposite of Null hypothesis. it is formulated then the researcher believes that there is sufficient information to believe that there is relationship between the variables. It is represented as H1 or HSimple hypothesisThis hypothesis predicts the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. both the variables must be single variables Complex hypothesisThis hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables manikins of different types of HypothesisHealth related education programmes influence the number of people who smokeNewspapers affects peoples living standardAbsenteeism in classes affects exam scoresLower levels of exercise is responsible for increase in weightSelf Assessment QuestionsTrue or FalseComplex hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variable with two or more dependent variablesAlternate hypothesis is opposite to empty hypothesis6.5 Hypothesis TestingHaving understood the various types of hypothesis let us dwell on the important point of hypothesis testing. As stated above hypothesis means that we verify the claim on the larger unit based on the data and the results obtained by do statistical tests on the data. let us now look at the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. the following are the steps hear in a statement about the population characteristic for which the hypotheses is to be tested deposit the null hypothesis and depict as HoState the alternative hypothesis depict it as H1 or HaIdentify and display the test statistic that will be usedIdentify the sphere of rejection regionIs it on the upper, lower, or on the two-tailed testDetermine the critical value that will be associated as a, the level of significance at which the test is to be conductedCompute the quantities in the test statisticState the conclusion based on the computed statistics meaning that it is now to be decided as to whether reject the null hypothesis, Ho, or accept the alternate hypothesis. The conclusion is dependent on the level of significance of the test.Figure 1 provides a graphical view of the steps involved in the testing of hypothesisFigure 1 Steps involved in the testing of hypothesis6.6 Difference between Null Hypothesis and Alternative HypothesisIn the previous units we hav e understood the basics of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, let us now discuss the difference between these types of hypothesis. the following are the differencesNull hypothesis is used to describe the prediction while alternative hypothesis describes other possible outcomes. For example, if we predict A is related to B which is null hypothesis while the alternative hypothesis will be A is not related to B meaning that A can be teacher of B, A can be mentor of B and so onThe alternative hypothesis can be negative but it does not necessarily mean a negation of null hypothesis but rather that it is a measure of finding out whether the null hypothesis is true or not meaning that whether it should be accepted or it should be rejectedAlternative hypothesis provides an opportunity to look at other things and other possibilities where as null hypothesis provides the presence or absence of the same meaning that when we deal with null hypothesis our focus becomes restricted while in the case of alternative hypothesis our focus needs to be wider6.7 Decision RuleDecision rules are the procedures that enable us to determine whether the findings of the observed samples are in sharp contradiction i.e. there is large difference from the results that were expected and which will thus help us to decide whether to accept or reject hypotheses are called rules of decision or simply decision rules.Let us take an example in order to illustrate what has been said with regard to decision rule. cypher that we toss a coin 50 times and get head 42 times and if we had the null hypothesis that the coir is fair. Now in this scenario, there is sufficient reason to believe that the coin is biased based on the output obtained although we may be wrong in this manner. In the current scenario, the observations are verbalize something else in comparison to our hypothesis, hence, we are in a dilemma as to accept or reject the hypothesis. Procedures , which assist us in deciding wheth er to accept or reject the hypothesis when there is significant difference between the observed and the stated are know an Decision Rules. figure I and Type II errorsIt is in situations like the above, that we may commit errors or mistakes which are classified asType I or Type II errors.Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been acceptedType II error is when we accept a hypothesis when it should have been rejectedFrom the above definitions, in both the cases a wrong decision has been made. Hence, it becomes imperative that we need to minimize the errors while making decisions.Level of SignificanceWhile testing the given hypothesis the maximum risk that we can take for Type I error is called the level of signicance of the test. This is denoted by Greek letter Alpha . It is decided earlier hand so that they do not influence the choice of our decisions.6.8 Two tailed and one tailed testsIn order to understand the concept of two tailed and one tailed tests, consider the following scenario. Let us have a null hypothesis H0and an alternative hypothesis H1. We want to conduct the test and determine whether we should reject the null hypothesis in privilege of alternative hypothesis.Thus, we have two different types of test which can be performed videlicet One Tailed test and Two Tailed testOne-tailedtest seeks to look for an increase or decrease in the parameter under context while two-tailedtest seeks to look for any change in the parameterWe can carry out the test at any level 1%, 5% or 10% are the common levels. For example, when we perform the test at a 5% level it means that there is a 5% chance of wrongly rejecting H0 that is null hypothesis on the other hand If we perform the test at the 5% level and decide to reject the null hypothesis, we say that there is a significant evidence at 5% to suggest that the hypothesis is false.One-Tailed TestFor the one tailed test we choose a critical region. In a one-tailed test, the critical re gion will have one part. If the sample value lies in this region, we will reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternativeOn the other hand , if we want to look for definite decrease. Then the critical region will be to the left.ExampleSuppose we are given that in aPoisson distributionand we want to test hypothesis on the mean,based upon a sample of observation 3.Suppose the hypotheses areH0l= 9H1lWe want to test if it is reasonable for the value observed to be 3 to have been derived from Poisson distribution with having a parameter value of 9. What is the probability that the value as low as 3 has come from a Poisson distribution have the value 9?P(X 3) = 0.0212 (this has been obtained from Poisson table)The probability is s gently than 0.05, which means that there is less than a 5% chance that the value has come from a Poisson(3) distribution. The null hypothesis should be rejected in favour of the alternative at the 5% level.Two-Tailed TestIn a two-tailed test, we look fo r either an increase or a decrease. Hence, for example, H0might be that the mean is fit to 9 (as before). This time, however, H1would be that the mean is not equal to 9. So, In this case, therefore, the critical region has two partsExampleLets test the parameter p of aBinomial distributionat the 10% level.Suppose a coin is tossed 10 times and we get 7 heads. We want to test whether or not the coin is fair. If the coin is fair, p = 0.5 . Put this as the null hypothesisH0 p = 0.5H1 p 0.5Because this is a 2-tailed test, the critical region also has two parts. half(a) of the critical region is to in the right and other half is in the left. So the critical region contains both the top 5% of the distribution and the backside 5% of the distribution (as we are testing at the 10% level).If H0is true, X Bin(10, 0.5).If the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability that X is 7 or above?P(X 7) = 1 P(X Is this in the critical region? No- because the probability that X is at least 7 is not less than 0.05 (5%), which is what we need it to be.So there is no significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 10% level of significance6.9 Procedure of Hypothesis testingHaving understood the basics of hypothesis, let us now dwell on the procedure which is to be followed in the testing of hypothesis. The following are the steps that are to be followed.State null hypothesis and alternative hypothesisState the level of significance. This gives us the tabulated valuesSelect the appropriate testCalculate the required values for the testConduct the testDraw the conclusions6.10 SummaryA hypothesis is necessary in todays business world as the managers are required to take decisions and they need to have a starting pointHypothesis is astray used in the conduct of market surveysThe concept of sample and population is widely used in the testing of hypothesisHypothesis is a unit of inferential statisticsHypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justifiedNull hypo thesis is formed when there is n relationship between the variablesAlternative hypothesis is the reverse of null hypothesisDecisions rules provide the basis for accepting the or rejecting the hypothesisType I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been acceptedType II error is when we accept the hypothesis when we should have rejected it6.11 Terminal QuestionsWhat is the significance of hypothesis testing?What is meant by Type I and Type II errors? Explain with examplesWhat is the difference between Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis?Explain the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis.6.12 Answers Self Assessment QuestionsTrueFalseTrueTestable TimeVariablesRelationshipTrueTrue6.13 Suggested ReadingBooksTesting statistical hypothesis, Lehmann, JosephHypothesis testing with SPSS, Jim MirabellaFundamentals of Statistics, Michael SullivanFundamentals of Statistics, S.C. GuptaFundamentals of Statistics, Trueman Lee KellyIntroductory Probability And Statist ical Applications, MeyerFundamental of Statistics, Vol II, Goon, Gupta and DaguptaAn Outline of Statistical Theory, Vol I, Goon, Gupta and DaguptaA Basic melodic phrase in Statistics, Clarke, Geoffrey and Cooke, John Wiley SonsBasic Statistics, Nagar DasQuantitative Techniques for Decision Making, Anand SharmaStatistics for economists A beginning, John E. FloydThe Elements of Statistical Learning, Trevor Hastie, Jerome Friedman.Introduction to Statistical Thought, Michael LavineWeb Resourcesen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testingwww.slideshare.net/vikramlawand/test-of-hypothesiswww.sagepub.com/upm-data/40007_Chapter8.pdfwww.iasri.res.in/ebook//2/4-TEST%20OF%20HYPOTHESIS.pdfwww.math.uah.edu/stat/hypothesis/index.htmlwww.angelfire.com/wv/bwhomedir/notes/z_and_t_tests.pdfwww.20bits.com/ name/hypothesis-testing-the-basicswww.amstat.org/publications/jse/v11n3/java/Hypothesis/math.bu.edu/people/nkatenka/MA113/Lecture_10_Notes.pdfwww.pstcc.edu/facstaff/jwlamb/Math1530/7.2rv sd.ppt6.14 GlossaryAggregateIt is the collection of small units which results in one complete entity. For example the aggregation of the total inhabitants of towns and villages and mega cities results in the population of the countryAlpha LevelThe probability that the statistical test will find difference between the groups which is significant when there are none. This is also termed as the probability of making a Type I error or as the significance level of statistical test.Alternative HypothesisThe hypothesis that states that there is some difference between two or more groups. It is the alternative to null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference among the groups.Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)A test that determines whether the means of two or more groups is significantly different.AssociationIt is a type of relationship between objects or variables.AverageA single value which may be mean, median or mode and represents the typical, normal, or the middle value of a given set of data.AxiomA statement widely accepted as truth.Bell-Shaped CurveA meander which is the characteristic of a normal distribution, which is symmetrical about the mean. The area under the normal curve is 1.0.Beta LevelIt is the probability of making an error due to the result of the chance variations when in actuality they are due to the differences of the result of the experimental manipulation or intervention. It is also referred to as the probability of making a Type II error.BiasThey are the influences that contribute to the distortions of the resultsCategorical DataThey are also referred to as the nominal data. They are for indicative purpose onlyCausal AnalysisAn analysis that seeks to establish the cause and effect relationships between variables.Central TendencyA measure that describes the central characteristic of the distribution.ComparabilityIt is the quality of two or more entities that are to be evaluated for their similarity and differences.Confidence IntervalA p ersona of estimated values that provides the best estimate regarding the populations values.Confidence LevelIt is the percentage which represents the number of times that a confidence interval will include the true population value.ConsistencyIt is the process in which similar responses are demonstrated throughout the activity / event.ConstantIt is the value which does not changeDescriptive StatisticsIt is the basic statistics that is used to describe and summarize data.Focus GroupAn interview conducted with a small group of people, all at one time, to explore ideas on a occurrence topic.Multivariate AnalysisIt is the analysis of several independent variable on the dependent variable.Mutually ExclusiveIt is when the happening of an event does not disturb or alters the happening of another event. for example, in tossing of coin, the appearance of head is mutually exclusive to the appearance of tail as any one of them say head, does not allow the other to happen simultaneously.Nomina l ScaleIt is a scale that allows for classifying of elements into several mutually exclusive categories which are based on defined features but no numeric. They are just used for identification purposes. For example, the shirts worn by players in a football match. The number on the shirts represent the identification of the player only. prescript CurveIt is the curve, which is bell shaped in structure. It is formed when the data having normal distribution is plotted.Normal DistributionIt is the distribution that describes a frequency distribution comprising of data points which resembles a bell shape structure. The normal distribution shows important properties that are necessary for performing various statistical tests for different types of applications.Null HypothesisIt is the hypothesis that states that there is no difference among and between the groups. It is in sharp contrast to alternative hypothesis that states that between two or more groups there is some differenceObserva tion UnitIt is the actual unit which is subjected to observation during the course of study.6.15 Case studyLet us assume that a manufacturer of the light bulbs wants to produce bulbs with a mean life of constant of gravitation hoursIf the lifetime is shorter, he/ she will lose customers to his / her competitors if the lifetime is longer, he / she will have a very high production cost because the filaments will be excessively thick.In order to see whether the production process is working properly a sample of the output is taken to test the hypothesisA two tailed test is used because he / she does not want to deviate significantly from 1000 hours in either direction. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.