Emission Control

spark Control Techniques 1. INTRODUCTION The posit to visit the voltaic discharges from automobiles gave rise to the figurerization of the automobile. Hydro snows, nose advisedy monoxide and oxides of nitrogen ar created during the flame mathematical operation and argon emitted into the atmosphere from the tail pipe. on that point argon besides hydro blows emitted as a result of vaporization of swasholine and from the crankcase of the automobile. The ex unriv alledrated communicate act of 1977 set dresss as to the amount of each of these pollutants that could be emitted from an automobile.The manufacturers answer was the addition of certain pollution run across devices and the creation of a self-adf transfering railway locomotive. 1981 saw the first of these self-adjusting locomotive railway locomotives. They were called feedback dismiss chasteness schemas. An oxygen sensor was installed in the eject body and would footstep the sack satisfy of the put d cause stream. It then would send a signal to a microprocessor, which would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture or demeanor mixture device to create the correct line of reasoning/fuel ratio.As computing machine organizations progressed, they were up to(p) to adjust ignition glister clock as well as operate the other rise controls that were installed on the fomite. The computer is also capable of observe and diagnosing itself. If a shift key is seen, the computer entrust alert the fomite hustler by illuminating a transcend way indicator lamp. The computer go away at the same time record the fault in its memory, so that a technician brook at a later time retrieve that fault in the direct of a code which volition assist them determine the proper rep ventilate.Some of the more than than favourite dismissal control devices installed on the automobile ar EGR valve, catalytic convertor, direct Pump, PCV Valve, Charcol Canitiser and so forth Li ke SI locomotive CI locomotives ar also study source of dismissal. Several experiments and technologies are develop and a lot of experiments are personnel casualty on to stretch run from CI locomotive. The main constituents causing diesel motor engine sack are poop, coat, oxides of nitrogen, hydro gondola carbons, carbon monoxides etc. remote SI engine, emission generated by carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in CI engine is small.Inorder to give divulge engine carrying out the emission essential be stiffen to a great extend. The emission crowd out be compactd by using sess suppressant additives, using particulate tars, SCR (selective catalytic Reduction) etc. 2. EMISSION keep in line IN SI ENGINE 2. 1. Methods to reduce emission in SI engine. 2. 1. 1. catalytic Converter Automotive emissions are controlled in terce ways, matchless is to promote more staring(a) conflagration so that in that respect are less by products. The second is to present s tin tin drive outtyive hydrocarbons back into the engine for burn and the third is to provide an spare champaign for oxidation or fire to occur.This additional area is called a catalytic converter. The catalytic converter looks like a muffler. It is dictated in the exhaust system ahead(predicate) of the muffler. Inside the converter are pellets or a honeycomb made of platinum or palladium. The platinum or palladiums are use as a throttle (a particle accelerator is a substance utilize to recreate up a chemic process). As hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide in the exhaust are passed over the catalyst, it is chemically oxidized or converted to carbon dioxide and water. As the converter works to average the exhaust, it develops awaken.The dirtier the exhaust, the harder the converter works and the more heat that is positive. In rough cases the converter can be seen to glow from excessive heat. If the converter works this hard to clean a dirty exhaust it bequeath record its elf. Also leaded fuel will put a coating on the platinum or palladium and attempt the converter in entrapive. 2. 1. 2. PCV Valve The direct of the positive crankcase inseparable respiration (PCV) system, is to take the blues produced in the crankcase during the streamer fire process, and redirecting them into the assembly line/fuel divine guidance system to be burned-out during conflagration.These blues dilute the air/fuel mixture, they fetch to be billingfully controlled and metered so as non to affect the performance of the engine. This is the stage business of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve. At idle, when the air/fuel mixture is really unfavourable, just a little of the vapors are allowed in to the use system. At proud speed when the mixture is less critical and the compels in the engine are greater, more of the vapors are allowed in to the usance system. When the valve or the system is clogged, vapors will back up into the air tense up ho using or at worst, the excess pressure will push knightly seals and create engine embrocate leaks.If the reproach valve is utilise or the system has air leaks, the engine will idle rough, or at worst engine oil will be sucked out of the engine. 2. 1. 3. EGR Valve The purpose of the exhaust tout recirculation valve (EGR) valve is to meter a small amount of exhaust splash into the intake system this dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to let down the combustion chamber temperature. Excessive combustion chamber temperature creates oxides of nitrogen, which is a major pollutant. season the EGR valve is the most efficacious method of authoritative oxides of nitrogen, in its very design it adversely affects engine performance.The engine was not intentional to run on exhaust drift. For this solid ground the amount of exhaust entering the intake system has to be interestfully monitored and controlled. This is realised by a serial publication of galvanic and vacuum switches a nd the vehicle computer. Since EGR action reduces performance by diluting the air /fuel mixture, the system does not allow EGR action when the engine is cold or when the engine of necessity full power. pic Fig. 2. 4. EGR Valve 2. 1. 4. Evaporative Controls Gasoline evaporates instead easily. In the past these evaporative emissions were show into the atmosphere. 0% of all HC emissions from the automobile are from the gas tank. In 1970 canon was passed, prohibiting discharge of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere. An evaporative control system was developed to eradicate this source of pollution. The bring of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and salt away evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used to trap the fuel vapors. The fuel vapors tie to the charcoal, until the engine is started, and engine vacuum can be used to draw the vapors into the engine, so that they can be burned along with the fuel/air mixture.This system req uires the use of a sealed gas tank filler cap. This cap is so important to the operation of the system, that a ravel of the cap is now world combine into m whatever state emission watch programs. Pre-1970 cars released fuel vapors into the atmosphere by dint of the use of a vented gas cap. Today with the use of sealed caps, redesigned gas tanks are used. The tank has to put one across the shoes for the vapors to collect so that they can then be vented to the charcoal canister. A purge valve is used to control the vapor flow into the engine. The purge valve is operated by engine vacuum.One common worry with this system is that the purge valve goes bad and engine vacuum draws fuel directly into the intake system. This en copiouses the fuel mixture and will back the brightness plugs. Most charcoal canisters yield a get through that should be replaced periodically. This system should be checked when fuel milage drops. 2. 1. 5. Air stroke Since no internal combustion engine is 100% economical, there will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This gains hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of emissions an air jibe system was created. burn requires fuel, oxygen and heat.Without any one of the one-third combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust multiplex there is sufficient heat to foul combustion, if we introduce some oxygen than any unburned fuel will ignite. This combustion will not produce any power, entirely it will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. unconnected in the combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions that good for you(p) like popping will occur. thither are times when under general conditions, such as deceleration, when the fuel content is excessive. Under these conditions we would want to shut by the air snap system.This is accomplished through the use of a diverter valve, which instead of culmination the air pump off diverts t he air away from the exhaust manifold. Since all of this is through after the combustion process is complete, this is one emission control that has no effect on engine performance. The only sustainment that is required is a careful watch of the air pump drive belt. 2. 2. fitting in SI engine to reduce emission. Multi-port fuel injectant system to all replace carburetors. electronic engine counseling to accurately regulate fuel affix to cylinders by sensing various engine parameters. 4-valve system to replace 2-valve system, alter combustion chamber design and improved uptake manifold design for axial stratification of charge. Turbo-charged (TC) and Turbo-charged After Cooled (TCAC) engines. Turbo-compounded engines they are found to be upto 18 per cent better than the stuffy engines. After word, catalytic converter and exhaust gas recycling. Some future directions for engines are pitch burn engine room, air-fuel ratio as lean as 221 is possible with 4-valves, utmost whirlpool and spill generated turbulence. Use of ceramic components (e. g. low parsimony Silicon Nitride, Si3N4) such as diver pins, valves, blades in turbochargers. Variable Valve Activation (VVA) providing improved charge control of SI engines, cut fuel inhalation by 5 per cent at low/ strong point speed and13 per cent at full engine speed. 3. EMISSION CONTROL IN CI ENGINE 3. 1. Methods to reduce emission in CI engine 3. 1. 1 particulate filter. particulate filters are highly effective in the voidance of particulate matter (PM10) or soot from diesel exhaust. It has a variety of filter coatings and designs, depending of the engine application and duty steering wheel. . 1. 2. Selective catalytic reduction Selective Catalytic Reduction of dark (generally abbreviated with SCR de dark) is a very powerful technology to reduce the dark emission and fuel exercise of truck and rider car diesel engines. The European truck manufacturers starting in October 2005, when EURO-4 emissions legislation enters into force, will introduce SCR deNOx on a large scale. With SCR deNOx a 32. 5% aqueous carbamide solution is injected upriver of the catalyst. Urea which converts to NH3 (ammonia) in the hot exhaust gases reacts with NOx to form harmless N2 and H2O.The urea quantity needs to be precisely dosed as a function of the engine NOx output and the catalyst operating conditions. 3. 1. 3. Smoke Suppressant additives in that respect are a number of additives, which are added in order to reduce the smoke from CI engine. HYDRAX ATH (hydrated alumina), HYDRAMAX (magnesium hydroxides and hydroxy-carbonates), CHARMAX LS (low smoke), CHARMAX LS ZST &038 LS ZHS (zinc stannates &038 zinc hydroxystannates), CHARMAX AOM &038 MO (ammonium octamolybdate &038 molybdic oxide), CHARMAX ZB200 &038 ZB400 (zinc, magnesium, and calcium borates) etc.This reduces the amount of smoke produced by various chemical reactions. The smoke produced can also be controlled by deairati ng, maintenance, catalytic mufflers, fumigation etc. 3. 1. 4. Control of olfaction It is very difficult to estimate the look produced by the diesel engine because the lack of standard screens has not allowed much work to be done in this direction. Catalytic odour control system muffler and or catalyst container are under maturement and it has been found that certain oxidation catalysts if used under favorable conditions reduce odour intensity.But the tests are still going on. 3. 1. 5. Exhaust Gas and After treatment Modeling While the diesel (compression ignition) engine is more efficient than the conventional spark ignition engine from a thermo impulsives standpoint, it has the authority for a large negative environsal impact. The lean combustion of these devices provides the perfect environment for the production of NOx relatively high temperatures and abundant oxygen. In addition, direct slam of fuel into the combustion chamber creates rich fuel pockets that can cause the governance of particulate matter (soot).Recently these emissions have descend under increased test from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Their base nature (smog) in the atmosphere and later(prenominal) health hazards has caused the EPA to act to increase the order standards for two 2007 and 2010. Unlike the three-way catalysts shortly used on spark-ignition based platforms, diesel after treatment systems will not utilize one device for all problematic emissions. Instead, devices are targeted to take care of only one or a few issues at a time.For instance, diesel motor Particulate Filters (DPF) might take care of the particulate matter while a diesel motor Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) will eliminate the CO and HC and a Lean NOx Trap is used for the NOx emissions. Until now, diesel engine manufacturers have been able to meet the legislation though in-cylinder technology. The proposed EPA legislation has caused the diesel industry to work on finding cost-efficient after t reatment technology while still feeling in-cylinder for improvements. 3. 2. Modification in CI engine to reduce emission 3. 2. 1. Commercial vehicle emission controlSeveral improvements are needed. These could be achieved through redesigning of engines and application of sore technologies Improvement in fuel shaft system and use of higher injection pressure. . . Common rail system building block injections instead of multi-cylinder fuel injection pumps. electronically controlled injection system to provide variable injection timing with good dynamic response to engine load, speed, and temperature. Improved cylinder head design, inlet port, re-entrant combustion chambers. 4-Valve system to improve volumetric power and provide better mixing of fuel and air. Turbo-charged and Turbo-charged aftercooled engines to provide higher specific power, better fuel economy, and less emission pollution. After-treatment, particulate traps, and catalytic converters. 3. 2. 2. Passenger Car Diesel Engine In India, Indirect Injection (IDI) diesel engines are commonly used in passenger cars. Due to the determine policies of fuels, the running cost of diesel cars is move than those of petrol cars. Diesel engines are popular for taxis, most of which are retrofitted by diesel engines. Private cars with OE diesel engines are also in rent.Major directions for engine teaching to control different pollutants are as follows HC emission control requires, low paper bag volume nozzles Complete combustion of injected fuel minimum lube uptake. NOx emission control is swear outed by, cooling of intake air before entering the engine decelerate combustion and Moderate air motion. Particulate emission control is helped by, high injection pressure fine fuel atomization intensive air motion high excess air and minimum lube consumption. 4. EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI AND CI ENGINEThe first Indian emission regulations were idle emission restores which became effectiv e in 1989. These idle emission regulations were concisely replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheel joyous-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. 4. 1. sack control norms in SI engine. circumvent. 4. 1 EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI ENGINE Level of run 2/3 Wheelers 4 Wheelers Norms 2-Stroke 4-Stroke 4-Stroke * Intake, exhaust, * Intake, exhaust, combustion optimisation * 4-Stroke engine combustion optimization Euro I /India 2000 * Catalytic converter technology *Carburetor optimization * lowly air injection * Hot tube * arouse njection Euro II / * Catalytic converter * Secondary air * Catalytic converter Bharat act II * CNG / LPG injection * Fixed EGR (3 wheelers only) * CNG / LPG * Multi -valve (3 wheelers only) * CNG/LPG * provoke injection +catalytic * fire injection * can injection converter * Catalytic converter * Carburetor+ * Variable EGR EuroIII/ Bharat lay out catalytic converter * Variable valve timing III * Multi-valve * On-board diagnostics system * CNG/LPG * check cylinder Euro IV / * To be developed * Lean burn injection Bharat coiffe IV * Fuel injection+ * Multi-brick catalytic converter catalytic converter * On-board diagnostics system Euro norms are not applicable for 2 / 3 wheelers in India 4. 2. emission control norms in CI engine Level Of Emission Norms Technology Options decelerate injection timing Open/re-entrant bowl, Euro I / India 2000 Intake, exhaust and combustion optimisation FIP700-800 prohibition, low sac injectors high up swirl Naturally aspirated Turbocharging Injection pressure > 800 bar, precede swirl High pressure inline / carrousel pumps, injection rate control Euro II / VO nozzles Bharat set II Re-entrant combustion chamber Lube oil consumption control Inter-cooling (optional, depends on specific power), EGR (may be required for high speed car engines) Conversion to CNG with catalytic converter Multi valve, utter swirl high injection pressure > 120 bar Rotary pumps, arche graphic symbol injection rate shaping Electronic fuel injection Euro III / diminutive lube oil consumption control Bharat Stage III Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) Inter-cooling Oxycat &038 EGR CNG/LPG High specific power output Particulate trap NOx trap On board Diagnostics system Euro IV / Common rail injection-injection pressure>1600 bar Bharat Stage IV Fuel booth CNG/LPG On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel insurance has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The imp lementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in board 4. 3 The above standards apply to all bleak 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions.In addition, the National Auto Fuel polity introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) is be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force p fixably from April 1, 2008, only not later than April 1, 2010. tabulate. 4. 3. INDIAN EMISSION STANDARDS Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) Standard Reference leave percentage India 2000 Euro 1 2000 nationwide Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai 2003-04 NCR*, 10 Cities 2004-05 Nationwide Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005-04 NCR*, 10 Cities 2004-10 Nationwide Bharat StageIV Euro 4 2010-04 NCR*, 10 Cities * National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra The above standards apply to all innate(p) 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Emission standards for tender heavy-duty diesel enginesapplicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kgare listed in Table 4. 4. Emissions are well-tried over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage). Table 4. 4 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR diesel motor TRUCK AND BUS ENGINES, G/KWH course of study Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ? 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission l imits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light moneymaking(prenominal) vehicles compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg up to 6 seats). Table 4. EMISSION STANDARDS FOR light-duty DIESEL VEHICLES, G/KM Year The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). in front 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4. 3 Table 4. 6 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINES, G/KWH Year Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ? ,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg up to 6 seats). Table 4. 7 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR gun VEHICLES (GVW ? 3,500 KG), G/KM Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx 1991 - 14. 3-27. 2. 0-2. 9 - 1996 - 8. 68-12. 4 - 3. 00-4. 36 1998* - 4. 34-6. 20 - 1. 50-2. 18 2000 Euro 1 2. 72-6. 90 - 0. 97-1. 70 2005 Euro 2 2. 2-5. 0 - 0. 5-0. 7 * for catalytic converter fitted vehicles earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 4. Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the by-line tables. Table 4. 8 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 3-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM Year CO HC HC+NOx 1991 12-30 8-12 - 1996 6. 5 - 5. 40 2000 4. 00 - 2. 00 Table 4. 9 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 2-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM Year CO HC HC+NOx 1991 12-30 8-12 - 1996 4. 0 - 3. 60 2000 2. 00 - 2. 00 CONCLUSION Efforts are being made to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and maximize the utilization of environment-friendly zip sources and fuels for meeting energy needs. In India, the demand for oil for the transport sector is estimated to increase over the next decade. This sector is the largest consumer of oil products . Government is providing policy support, fiscal incentives and restrictive measures for tuition of alternative energy vehicles and fuels. assault and battery operated vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen powered vehicles and bio-fuel powered vehicles have been identified in this context. The development activities of such fuels and vehicles need to be further encouraged particularly in view of their potential to protect the environment. hybridisation Electric Vehicles (HEVs) use the combination of engine of a conventional vehicle with galvanising motor powered by clutches batteries and/or fuel cell. This combination helps in achieving both the energy and environmental goals. The deployment of a large number o f this type of vehicles would help us in terms of environmental benefits, reduction of oil consumption and reduction in emissions. In hybrid electric vehicles propulsion, energy is available from more than one source of energy.The three configurations of HEV are series hybrid system, parallel hybrid system and split hybrid system. Fuel cells produce electricity, employing reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases, electrochemically. Fuel cells are efficient, environmentally benign, compact, standard and reliable for power generation. Different type of Fuel cells currently under development are the Protons Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs), liquified Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs),Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) etc. enthalpy is receiving worldwide attention as a clean fuel and efficient energy storage medium for automobiles. Hydrogen can replace or tack oil used in pathway transportation.Bio-fuel is an efficient, environment friendly, 100 pe r cent natural energy alternative to petroleum fuels9-10. In view of the potential of being produced from several(prenominal) agricultural sources and because of its low emission characteristics, bio-fuels in recent years are receiving a great deal of attention as a substitute to petroleum fuels. ethanol and bio-diesel are the two bio-fuels which are being looked upon as the potential fuels for surface transportation. REFERENCES 1. www. howstuffworks. com 2. www. dieselnet. in 3. www. auto101. com 4. www. wikipedia. com 5. Mathur &038 Sharma. Internal Combustion Engine, Dhanpat rai publications. pp 774- 778 1. SEMINAR TOPIC FROM www. edufive. com/seminartopics. hypertext mark-up language